Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis : biology, epidemiology, pathogenicity and antifungal resistance

Silva, Sónia; Negri, Melyssa; Henriques, Mariana; Oliveira, Rosário; Williams, David W.; Azeredo, Joana

doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00278.x

Cited by 969Antifungal resistance and susceptibilityYeasts and Rust Fungi StudiesFungal Infections and Studies

Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis : biology, epidemiology, pathogenicity and antifungal resistance

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Silva, Sónia, Negri, Melyssa, Henriques, Mariana, Oliveira, Rosário, Williams, David W., Azeredo, Joana·2012·FEMS Microbiology Reviews

DOI 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00278.x

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Abstract

The incidence of infections caused by Candida species (candidosis) has increased considerably over the past three decades, mainly due to the rise of the AIDS epidemic, an increasingly aged population, higher numbers of immunocompromised patients and the more widespread use of indwelling medical devices. Candida albicans is the main cause of candidosis; however, non-C. albicans Candida (NCAC) species such as Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis are now frequently identified as human pathogens. The apparent increased emergence of these species as human pathogens can be attributed to improved identification methods and also associated with the degree of diseases of the patients, the interventions that they were subjected and the drugs used. Candida pathogenicity is facilitated by a number of virulence factors, most importantly adherence to host surfaces including medical devices, biofilm formation and secretion of hydrolytic enzymes (e.g. proteases, phospholipases and haemolysins). Furthermore, despite extensive research to identify pathogenic factors in fungi, particularly in C. albicans, relatively little is known about NCAC species. This review provides information on the current state of knowledge on the biology, identification, epidemiology, pathogenicity and antifungal resistance of C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis.

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A majority of manifestations of infections caused by Candida spp are associated with a biofilm etiology.
“A majority of manifestations of infections caused by Candida spp are associated with a biofilm etiology [5,8,9].”
From Antifungal therapy of Candida biofilms: Past, present and future (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
Virtually all Candida species linked to clinical candidiasis are capable of forming highly resistant biofilms on different types of surfaces, which complicates therapy of these infections.
“Virtually all Candida species linked to clinical candidiasis are capable of forming highly resistant biofilms on different types of surfaces, which poses an additional significant threat and further complicates therapy of these infections.”
From Antifungal therapy of Candida biofilms: Past, present and future (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
Among pathogenic fungi, Candida spp. are the most frequently associated with biofilm formation.
“among pathogenic fungi, Candida spp. are the most frequently associated with biofilm formation [5,8,9].”
From Antifungal therapy of Candida biofilms: Past, present and future (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
Candida cells within biofilms are protected from a variety of environmental stresses, including host defenses and antifungal treatment, and biofilm development contributes greatly to the pathogenesis of candidiasis and complicates treatment.
“Furthermore, Candida cells within these highly organized structures are protected from a variety of environmental stresses, including host defenses and antifungal treatment, and as such biofilm development contributes greatly to the pathogenesis of candidiasis and greatly complicates treatment for these patients [5,9].”
From Antifungal therapy of Candida biofilms: Past, present and future (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
Different Candida species may use different mechanisms for evasion of the host immune system and exhibit different virulence-related phenotypes.
“As a consequence, different Candida may use different mechanisms for evasion of the host immune system and exhibit different virulence-related phenotypes [32].”
From Evolutionary Emergence of Drug Resistance in Candida Opportunistic Pathogens (2018) · cites this paper as [32]

Biofilms are very resistant to antifungal treatments.
“For their extraordinary organization, especially regarding the complex structure of the matrix, biofilms are very resistant to antifungal treatments.”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
The first step of Candida glabrata biofilm development is adhesion and/or colonisation of yeast cells to an abiotic and/or biotic surface.
“The first step of C. glabrata biofilm development is adhesion and/or colonisation of yeast cells to an abiotic or/and biotic surface [4,10].”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
Adhesion is an extremely important step in biofilm formation and in infection processes.
“Adhesion is an extremely important step, not only in the biofilm formation, but also in the infections processes”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
Biofilms confer significant resistance to antifungal therapy and host immune responses.
“Biofilms are known as surface-associated communities of microorganisms embedded in an extracellular matrix [42,43], which confer significant antifungal therapy and host immune responses [4,10,41].”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
The extent of Candida glabrata adhesion depends on Candida glabrata cell characteristics and host and/or abiotic surface properties, such as cell-surface hydrophobicity and cell wall composition.
“the extent of adhesion is dependent on C. glabrata cells’ characteristics, and host and/or abiotic surface properties, such as cell-surface hydrophobicity and cell wall composition [4,45].”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
Candida glabrata biofilm maturation is characterized by production of the extracellular matrix.
“the C. glabrata biofilm maturation is characterized by the production of the extracellular matrix [4,54].”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
Biofilm conditions and high cell density are adhesion inducers, activating EPA6, whereas EPA1 is triggered typically in the lag phase.
“Biofilm conditions and high cell density are adhesion inducers, activating EPA6, whereas EPA1 is triggered typically in the lag phase”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
Initial attachment of Candida glabrata cells is followed by cell division, and this proliferation leads to formation of a basal layer of anchoring microcolonies, with subsequent biofilm maturation.
“Initial attachment of C. glabrata cells is followed by cell division, and this proliferation leads to the formation of a basal layer of anchoring microcolonies, with subsequent biofilm maturation [4,44].”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [4]

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Authors: Silva, S., Negri, M., Henriques, M., Oliveira, R., Williams, D. W., & Azeredo, J.
Affiliations: Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (PT)
Cardiff University (GB)
Corresponding author: Henriques, Mariana
ORCID: Silva, Sónia
Negri, Melyssa
Henriques, Mariana
Williams, David W.
Azeredo, Joana
Venue: FEMS Microbiology Reviews
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2012-03
Volume: 36
Issue: 2
Pages: 288-305
ISSN: 0168-6445 (ISSN-L)
1574-6976
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00278.x
OpenAlex: W1884430856
Cited by: 969
References: 166
Citations by year: 2026: 48 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 3.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
repositorium.uminho.pt
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
Locations: FEMS Microbiology Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders: Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Yeasts and Rust Fungi Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
Keywords: Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, non-albicans Candida, candidiasis, virulence factors, biofilm formation, antifungal resistance, epidemiology, pathogenicity, hydrolytic enzymes, proteolytic enzymes, phospholipase, hemolysin, immunocompromised patients, indwelling medical devices
MeSH terms: Animals, Antifungal Agents, Candida, Candidiasis, Humans, Drug Resistance, Fungal, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata

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Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis : biology, epidemiology, pathogenicity and antifungal resistance

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