Reducing Diagnostic Errors in Primary Care. A Systematic Meta-Review of Computerized Diagnostic Decision Support Systems by the LINNEAUS Collaboration on Patient Safety in Primary Care
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Computerized diagnostic decision support systems (CDDSS) have the potential to support the cognitive task of diagnosis, which is one of the areas where general practitioners have greatest difficulty and which accounts for a significant proportion of adverse events recorded in the primary care setting. OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent to which CDDSS may meet the requirements of supporting the cognitive task of diagnosis, and the currently perceived barriers that prevent the integration of CDDSS with electronic health record (EHR) systems. METHODS: We conducted a meta-review of existing systematic reviews published in English, searching MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and Web of Knowledge for articles on the features and effectiveness of CDDSS for medical diagnosis published since 2004. Eligibility criteria included systematic reviews where individual clinicians were primary end users. Outcomes we were interested in were the effectiveness and identification of specific features of CDDSS on diagnostic performance. RESULTS: We identified 1970 studies and excluded 1938 because they did not fit our inclusion criteria. A total of 45 articles were identified and 12 were found suitable for meta-review. Extraction of high-level requirements identified that a more standardized computable approach is needed to knowledge representation, one that can be readily updated as new knowledge is gained. In addition, a deep integration with the EHR is needed in order to trigger at appropriate points in cognitive workflow. CONCLUSION: Developing a CDDSS that is able to utilize dynamic vocabulary tools to quickly capture and code relevant diagnostic findings, and coupling these with individualized diagnostic suggestions based on the best-available evidence has the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy, but requires evaluation.
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Other observed challenges in various CDSS include static and non-updatable knowledge bases, which restrict the systems' ability to provide the most current and relevant care.
“Other observed challenges in various CDSS include static and non-updatable knowledge bases, which restrict the systems’ ability to provide the most current and relevant care [232].”
From Toward Safer Diagnoses: A SEIPS-Based Narrative Review of Diagnostic Errors (2026) · cites this paper as [232]
The Results section (Sample characteristics; page not provided) identifies sustainability and upgradeability as requirements and says diagnostic decision-support ontologies need work to add new problems. It does not establish that various existing CDSS have static, non-updatable knowledge bases or show that this restricts their ability to provide current care. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Nurek, M., Kostopoulou, O., Delaney, B. C., & Esmail, A.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Esmail, Aneez
- Venue
- European Journal of General Practice
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-08-14
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- sup1
- Pages
- 8-13
- ISSN
- 1381-4788 (ISSN-L)
- 1751-1402
- PMC
- PMC4828626
- OpenAlex
- W1750045855
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 12.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- European Journal of General Practice (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Electronic Health Records Systems
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Keywords
- diagnostic errors, primary care, patient safety, electronic health records, knowledge representation, diagnostic accuracy, general practitioners, clinical workflow
- MeSH terms
- Diagnostic Errors, Humans, Primary Health Care, Decision Support Systems, Clinical, Patient Safety
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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