The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Zinc oxide nanoparticles in modern sunscreens: An analysis of potential exposure and hazard
Abstract
Sunscreens containing metal oxide nanoparticles appear transparent on the skin and provide excellent protection against sunburn caused by UV radiation. While it is likely that nanoparticles remain on the surface of the skin of healthy adult humans, and thus are considered safe for use in sunscreens, there has been no comprehensive assessment of the impact on human health from exposure to the metal oxide nanoparticles destined for use in sunscreens, either in the workplace during the manufacturing process, in long-term use across a range of skin conditions, or upon release into the broader environment, either accidentally or consequent of normal sunscreen use. In this review, we focus on zinc oxide nanoparticles destined for use in modern sunscreens, and discuss the potential for human exposure and the health hazard at each stage of their manufacture and use. We highlight where there is a need for further research.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Passage of inhaled particles into the blood circulation in humans
Nemmar, A., Hoet, P. H. M., Vanquickenborne, B., Dinsdale, D., Thomeer, M., Hoylaerts, M. F., Vanbilloen, H., Mortelmans, L., & Nemery, B. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc0402.104118 · Cited by 1,719
Brunner, T. J., Wick, P., Manser, P., Spohn, P., Grass, R. N., Limbach, L. K., Bruinink, A., & Stark, W. J. (2006) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es052069i · Cited by 1,385
Changes in biologically active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface
Madronich, S., McKenzie, R. L., Björn, L. O., & Caldwell, M. M. (1998) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology · doi:10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00182-1 · Cited by 1,086
Limbach, L. K., Li, Y., Grass, R. N., Brunner, T. J., Hintermann, M. A., Muller, M., Gunther, D., & Stark, W. J. (2005) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es051043o · Cited by 779 · cited 2×
“2007), and the importance of surface properties (Tabata and Ikada 1988; Fubini 1997), particle size (Limbach et al. 2005), and shape at point of contact (Champion and Mitragotri 2006) have also been emphasized.”
BackgroundBermudez, E., Mangum, J. B., Wong, B. A., Asgharian, B., Hext, P. M., Warheit, D. B., & Everitt, J. I. (2004) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfh019 · Cited by 652
Antioxidant effect of zinc in humans
Prasad, A. S., Bao, B., Beck, F. W. J., Kucuk, O., & Sarkar, F. H. (2004) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.07.007 · Cited by 520 · cited 2×
“Within the physiological range, zinc is an antioxidant (Rostan et al. 2002; Prasad et al. 2004) but, should intracellular levels shift too far in either direction outside this range, zinc can become harmful to the cell (Krones et al.”
BackgroundSkin DNA photodamage and its biological consequences
Marrot, L., & Meunier, J.-R. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.12.007 · Cited by 343
Pulmonary Exposure to Particles during Pregnancy Causes Increased Neonatal Asthma Susceptibility
Fedulov, A. V., Leme, A., Yang, Z., Dahl, M., Lim, R., Mariani, T. J., & Kobzik, L. (2008) · American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1165/rcmb.2007-0124oc · Cited by 204
Pirot, F., Millet, J., Kalia, Y. N., & Humbert, P. (2009) · Skin Pharmacology · doi:10.1159/000211423 · Cited by 73
Cited by
Crossing the blood-brain barrier with nanoparticles
Zhou, Y., Peng, Z., Seven, E. S., & Leblanc, R. M. (2018) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.12.015 · Cited by 837
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Revolutionizing Agriculture: Synthesis and Applications
Sabir, S., Arshad, M., & Chaudhari, S. K. (2014) · The Scientific World Journal · doi:10.1155/2014/925494 · Cited by 721
A review of mammalian toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles
Vandebriel, R., & De Jong, W. (2012) · Nanotechnology, Science and Applications · doi:10.2147/nsa.s23932 · Cited by 494
Exploring the Journey of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) toward Biomedical Applications
Islam, F., Shohag, S., Uddin, M. J., Islam, M. R., Nafady, M. H., Akter, A., Mitra, S., Roy, A., Emran, T. B., & Cavalu, S. (2022) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma15062160 · Cited by 403
A review of inorganic UV filters zinc oxide and titanium dioxide
Schneider, S. L., & Lim, H. W. (2019) · Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/phpp.12439 · Cited by 377
Metadata
- Authors
- Osmond, M. J., & Mccall, M. J.
- Venue
- Nanotoxicology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-01-29
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15-41
- ISSN
- 1743-5390 (ISSN-L)
- 1743-5404
- OpenAlex
- W2075537695
- Cited by
- 452
- References
- 9
- FWCI
- 9.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Zinc oxide nanoparticles in modern sunscreens: An analysis of potential exposure and hazard. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3109/17435390903502028
- The paper
- Osmond, M. J., & Mccall, M. J. (2010). Zinc oxide nanoparticles in modern sunscreens: An analysis of potential exposure and hazard. Nanotoxicology. https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390903502028
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
