The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A review of inorganic UV filters zinc oxide and titanium dioxide
Abstract
Summary: Photoprotection has become integral in the prevention of keratinocyte cancer and photoaging. Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters such as oxybenzone and octinoxate have become controversial due to their potential impact on the environmental and their potential human health risks. As such, inorganic UV filters, zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2), have become paramount in discussions about photoprotection. ZnO and TiO 2 are used in sunscreens as nanoparticles, which denotes a size <100 nm. The smaller size of these mineral particles increases their cosmetic acceptability by users as they are much less visible after application. ZnO has a broad UVA‐UVB absorption curve, while TiO 2 provides better UVB protection. Overall, the human health risks with inorganic filters are extremely low given a lack of percutaneous absorption; however, there is potential risk when exposed via inhalation, prompting recommendations against spray sunscreen products with nanoparticles. At this time, the known risk to the environment is low though the risk stratification may evolve with increasing usage of these filters and higher environmental concentrations. The continued practice of photoprotection is critical. The public should be counseled to seek shade, use photoprotective clothing including hats and glasses in addition to sunscreens on sun‐exposed skin. For those concerned about emerging evidence of environmental impact of organic UV filters, based on current evidence, ZnO and TiO 2‐containing sunscreens are safe alternatives.
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Cites
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Cited by
Wojnarowicz, J., Chudoba, T., & Lojkowski, W. (2020) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano10061086 · Cited by 361
The emerging role of nanotechnology in skincare
Salvioni, L., Morelli, L., Ochoa, E., Labra, M., Fiandra, L., Palugan, L., Prosperi, D., & Colombo, M. (2021) · Advances in Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.cis.2021.102437 · Cited by 317
Visible light. Part II: Photoprotection against visible and ultraviolet light
Geisler, A. N., Austin, E., Nguyen, J., Hamzavi, I., Jagdeo, J., & Lim, H. W. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.11.074 · Cited by 118
Self-citationFivenson, D., Sabzevari, N., Qiblawi, S., Blitz, J., Norton, B. B., & Norton, S. A. (2021) · International Journal of Women's Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.08.008 · Cited by 107
Environmental impacts due to the use of sunscreen products: a mini-review
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schneider, S. L., & Lim, H. W.
- Venue
- Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-12-10
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 442-446
- ISSN
- 0905-4383 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0781
- OpenAlex
- W2901046284
- Cited by
- 377
- References
- 43
- FWCI
- 17.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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