In vitro study of percutaneous absorption, cutaneous bioavailability and bioequivalence of zinc and copper from five topical formulations
Abstract
Percutaneous absorption and cutaneous bioavailability of zinc and copper from zinc 2-pyrrolidone 5-carboxylate (ZnPC), zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc sulfate (ZnSO 4), copper 2-pyrrolidone 5-carboxylate (CuPC) and copper sulfate (CuSO 4) were compared using 5 formulations (3 emulsions and 2 ointments) that were applied topically on human skin in vitro. After application for 72 h, percutaneous absorption of zinc from ointments containing ZnO and ZnSO 4 was found to be lower than that from a ZnPC-containing emulsion (0.36 and 0.34 versus 1.60% of applied dose). In the case of copper, the flux after a 72-hour treatment period showed that there had been minimal release from CuPC- and CuSO 4-containing formulations (approximately 5 ng/cm2/h). All formulations used in this study effected an increase in zinc and copper concentrations in whole skin and epidermis. Bioequivalence of the 5 formulations based on pharmacokinetic results was assessed, and salt and vehicle effects were discussed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A large number of in vitro and in vivo studies using murine, porcine, or human skin have shown that nano-sized TiO2 and ZnO remain at the stratum corneum level.
“However, a large number of in vitro and in vivo studies using murine, porcine, or human skin have shown that the nano-sized TiO2 and ZnO remain at the stratum corneum level (56)(57)(58)(59)(60)(61)(62)(63)(64)(65).”
From Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologies (2010) · cites this paper as [57]
There is no increased level of penetration of nano-sized TiO2 and ZnO when compared to macro-sized counterparts.
“There is no increased level of penetration when compared to the macro-sized counterparts.”
From Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologies (2010) · cites this paper as [57]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Zinc oxide—from synthesis to application: a review
Kołodziejczak-Radzimska, A., & Jesionowski, T. (2014) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma7042833 · Cited by 2,475 · see citing works
Neurotoxic effect of active ingredients in sunscreen products, a contemporary review
Ruszkiewicz, J. A., Pinkas, A., Ferrer, B., Peres, T. V., Tsatsakis, A., & Aschner, M. (2017) · Toxicology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.05.006 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologies
Wang, S. Q., Balagula, Y., & Osterwalder, U. (2010) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01289.x · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Copper Hypersensitivity: Dermatologie Aspects
Hostynek, J. J., & Maibach, H. I. (2003) · Reviews on Environmental Health · doi:10.1515/reveh.2003.18.3.153 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
- Authors
- Pirot, F., Millet, J., Kalia, Y. N., & Humbert, P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Skin Pharmacology
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2009-03-31
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 259-269
- ISSN
- 1011-0283 (ISSN-L)
- 2571-7162
- OpenAlex
- W2075097989
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Skin Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
- Keywords
- zinc, copper, percutaneous absorption, bioequivalence, topical formulation, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, emulsions, ointments, salt effects, vehicle effects
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Topical, Biological Availability, Copper, Humans, Skin, Skin Absorption, Zinc
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
