The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 75 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 42 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Compilation of stable isotope fractionation factors of geochemical interest
Open accessAbstract
Phase equilibrium relations of the common rock-forming oxides except water, by G
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
18 No full text of the sources · 16 No basis given · 14 Own interpretation · 11 Sources not found · 11 Own method · 5 Not checked yet · 2 Own result
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This latter SMOW has been analyzed in many laboratories, and the oxygen isotope composition has been found by many investigators to be identical to the originally defined SMOW within the limits of analytical uncertainty (±0.05°/oo)-”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > OXYGEN
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, several recent determinations of this factor indicate that the factor is probably larger than 1.0407 (table 2).”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > OXYGEN
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The SO18 value of NBS-28 reported to the authors from several laboratories indicate a range between 9.5 and 9.9.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > OXYGEN
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent determinations indicate that the latter value is closer to-28.10 (Mook, 1971;Letolle, 1971;F. C. Tan, unpub. data, 1973;J. D. Gleason and I. Friedman, unpub. data, 1973).”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > CARBON
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mook, 1971 source
- Not matchedcites Letolle, 1971
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites F. C. Tan, unpub. data, 1973
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the results of deuterium analyses of the four I.A.E.A. standard waters were compared several years ago, significant discrepancies in 8 D were apparent.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > HYDROGEN
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“NOTE.The average of all the published analyses, excepting the value of 1.0424 (Staschewski, 1964), is 1.0412.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > OXYGEN
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Staschewski, 1964
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the acid fractionation factor of 1.01109 is used for dolomite, this value becomes +2.3.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > FIGURE 26
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The constant dolomite-calcite fractionation of +3.1 in the temperature range 25° to 79°C is calculated from data on synthesized protodolomites, using the acid fractionation factor of 1.01025 for both carbonates.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > FIGURE 26
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The plagioclase-magnetite curves formulated by Anderson, Clayton, and Mayeda (1971) are virtually identical to those shown in the figure.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CELSIUS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Anderson, Clayton, and Mayeda (1971)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The correct statement should have been that the SO 18 value of the CO 2 produced by reaction of 100 percent H 3 PO4 with PDB calcite at 25°C is +0.22 per mil relative to CO2 equilibrated at 25°C with SMOW water.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > OXYGEN
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Craig (1961)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
- Probably not a substantial claim. 27
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, merely subtracting S values will be an excellent approximation to the per mil fractionation and identical to it within the limits of analytical error for values of both A 's and 6 's, which are less than about 10.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > 3. 103 lna AND THE A VALUE
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent measurements by Coplen and Clayton (1973) on a high-resolution mass spectrometer (Hs”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > HYDROGEN
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Coplen and Clayton (1973) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The I.A.E.A. sample of water called SMOW has been analyzed in several laboratories and is not identical in D/H ratio to the defined SMOW.Coplen and Clayton (1973), for example, report a 8D value of -1.2.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > HYDROGEN
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Coplen and Clayton (1973) source
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Friedman has recently measured the hydrogen isotope compositions of 4 separate samples of NBS-1 that he received over the past 20 years and found differences in 8D as high as 8°/oo.Therefore some of the interlaboratory differences observed may depend on the batch of NBS-1 standard utilized.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > HYDROGEN
hedgedconditionaln = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To relate 8 O 18 values of calcite on the PDB and SMOW scales, the following expressions are used: 8 sMow=1 -030868 PDB + 30.86, and 8 PDB=0.970068SMOW-29.94.These relationships are based on the following fractionation factors at 25°C: 1.0412 for CO2-H2O, 1.01025 for H 3PO4-liberated CO2 from calcite and, 1.00022 for H 3PO4-liberated CO2 from PDB-CO2 in equilibrium with SMOW.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > OXYGEN
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is some indication that random and significant variations in 5O18 exist between different samplings of the main storage vessels of the NBS water standards.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > OXYGEN
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NOTE.Sodium and potassium feldspar have identical isotopic properties within the limits of analytical uncertainty.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > FIGURE 48
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Potassium feldspar has isotopic properties identical to albite within the limits of analytical error.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CELSIUS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The crossover point (10s Ina = 0) occurs at 130°C, and there is a reversal at 425°C 10s In a--48).”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > FIGURE 48
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additional data on these systems by O'Neil and Truesdell (written commun., 1976) are not shown but are in agreement with those of Sofer and Gat (1972) and of Taube (1954).”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CELSIUS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites O'Neil and Truesdell (written commun., 1976)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Sofer and Gat (1972)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Taube (1954) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note the crossover point at 192°C.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > FIGURE 48
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NOTE.Muscovite and paragonite have identical isotopic properties within the limits of analytical uncertainty.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CELSIUS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the oxygen isotope analysis of carbonates, identical physical and chemical conditions must be operative during preparation of standard and sample so that systematic errors will cancel.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > OXYGEN
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Equilibrium fractionation factors that measure the distribution of a rare stable isotope between two species have been determined directly by laboratory experiments and also by calculations using the methods of statistical thermodynamics.They have also been inferred from regularities in the stable isotope ratios of natural materials.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Urey (1947) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 8 values given by Craig (1957) for these standards are -1.06 and -27.79, respectively.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > CARBON
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Craig (1957) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The H3 + contribution to the mass 3 beam cannot be determined precisely.Consequently, when this contribution is large ( > 10 percent), the correction may result in incorrect 8 values.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > HYDROGEN
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As geothermometers, stable isotope fractionation factors continue to show considerable promise for a variety of geologic environments.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > Remarks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is encouraging that the two curves are so similar and that the slope for this important system is fairly certain.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > Remarks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This curve should show a reversal of slope at low temperature similar to that shown by the magnetite-water system.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > FIGURE 48
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is enough consistency in the natural data to warrant future investigations aimed at reconciling some of the discrepancies in the experimental data.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > Remarks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, some of the discrepancies among the experimental curves are undoubtedly the result of nonequilibrium or kinetic isotope effects, which can often be difficult to recognize.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > STABLE ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION CURVES
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This curve is based on measurements at only two temperatures, 350° and 400°C.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > FIGURE 26
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sulfur hexafluoride has some advantages over sulfur dioxide for sulfur isotopic analysis.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > SULFUR
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This curve is a least-squares fit to the authors' data.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > FIGURE 26
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Temperatures can be read to ±0.5°C on some curves and to ±5°C on others.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > STABLE ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION CURVES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The expressions are independent of the standard used.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > FIGURES 2-49 FIGURE 2
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The calculated fractionation factors for gaseous systems are among the most reliable factors presented here.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > Remarks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Except for the feldspars and micas (O'Neil and Taylor, 1967Taylor, , 1969)), rutile (Addy and Garlick, 1974), and magnetite (Bertenrath and Friedrichsen, 1975) the factor 1.0407 was used in the determination of the isotopic compositions of the waters used in all the experiments.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > STABLE ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION CURVES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites O'Neil and Taylor, 1967
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Addy and Garlick, 1974 source
- Not matchedcites Bertenrath and Friedrichsen, 1975
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quartz-magnetite pair is potentially the most useful, and certainly the most sensitive, pair for oxygen isotope thermometry”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > Remarks
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The curves proposed by Bottinga andJavoy (1973, 1974) are presented, inasmuch as they are self-consistent and take into account much of the experimental work and theoretical considerations.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > Remarks
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bottinga and Javoy (1973, 1974)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is an extrapolation of their lower temperature data.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CELSIUS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Presenting all these data together uncritically calls attention to the problem areas that require resolution.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > Remarks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Solenhofen Limestone standard is actually too fine grained to be a good and lasting standard.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > CARBON
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is clear from reading the details given in the original references that some systems have been examined more thoroughly than others.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > Remarks
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“NOTE.8 W is incorrectly defined in the original paper.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > T E M P E R A T U R E , IN DE GRE E S CELSI US, FOR 8O 18
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Longinelli and Nutti (1973)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fractionations (103lna) can normally be read to ±0.2 per mil.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > STABLE ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION CURVES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mass spectrometric corrections for sulfur dioxide are large”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > SULFUR
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The curves have been extrapolated beyond the temperature ranges investigated and even beyond the range of stability of some minerals.This was done to provide rough estimates when no other information is available.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > STABLE ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION CURVES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The stable isotope relations are somewhat obscured by experimental difficulties and nonequilbrium effects”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > Remarks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The fractionation at 25°C is 40.37 for the CO2-H2O system.
“The data have been plotted assuming that the fractionation at 25°C is 40.37.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
For purposes of geothermometry, Δ_quartz-illmenite = 0.95 Δ_quartz-magnetite.
“Based on natural data, it is commonly assumed for purposes of geothermometry that Aquam-illimenite = 0.95 Aquartz.magnetite .”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the paleotempertaure under which the calcite have precipitated is interpreted to have occurred between approximately 13˚C to ±33˚C (from analyzed samples; see calculation above).”
From Isotopes (13C and 18O) Geochemistry of Lower Triassic Montney Formation, Northeastern British Columbia, Western Canada (2017) · cites this paper as [35]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This pattern is consistent with temperature-dependent δ 18 O depletion on carbonate minerals at elevated temperatures [103-105].”
From Clumped Isotope Reordering and Kinetic Differences in Co-Hosted Calcite and Dolomite Minerals throughout Burial Diagenesis and Exhumation (2023) · cites this paper as [104]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Therefore, paleotemperature of precipitation of calcite during the Lower Triassic Period in the study area is ~32˚C.”
From Isotopes (13C and 18O) Geochemistry of Lower Triassic Montney Formation, Northeastern British Columbia, Western Canada (2017) · cites this paper as [35]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The anoxic condition generate high alkalinity, which increases the total dissolved carbon that causes calcite to precipitate from pore-water, thereby biased towards light δ 13 C PDB values during early diagenesis [35].”
From Isotopes (13C and 18O) Geochemistry of Lower Triassic Montney Formation, Northeastern British Columbia, Western Canada (2017) · cites this paper as [35]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
Cites
Craig, H. (1957) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(57)90024-8 · Cited by 4,170
On the Isotopic Chemistry of Carbonates and a Paleotemperature Scale
McCrea, J. M. (1950) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1747785 · Cited by 3,742
Oxygen Isotope Fractionation in Divalent Metal Carbonates
O'Neil, J. R., Clayton, R. N., & Mayeda, T. K. (1969) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1671982 · Cited by 2,549
Self-citationThe thermodynamic properties of isotopic substances
Urey, H. C. (1947) · Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed) · doi:10.1039/jr9470000562 · Cited by 2,544
Revised Carbonate-water isotopic temperature scale
EPSTEIN, S., BUCHSBAUM, R., LOWENSTAM, H. A., & UREY, H. C. (1953) · Geological Society of America Bulletin · doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1953)64[1315:rcits]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 2,271
Calculation of Equilibrium Constants for Isotopic Exchange Reactions
Bigeleisen, J., & Mayer, M. G. (1947) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1746492 · Cited by 1,893
Carbon isotope fractionation between dissolved bicarbonate and gaseous carbon dioxide
Mook, W. G., Bommerson, J. C., & Staverman, W. H. (1974) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/0012-821x(74)90078-8 · Cited by 1,659
Oxygen isotope exchange between quartz and water
Clayton, R. N., O'Neil, J. R., & Mayeda, T. K. (1972) · Journal of Geophysical Research · doi:10.1029/jb077i017p03057 · Cited by 1,513
Self-citationTarutani, T., Clayton, R. N., & Mayeda, T. K. (1969) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(69)90108-2 · Cited by 663
Carbon isotope fractionation during the precipitation of calcium carbonate
Emrich, K., Ehhalt, D. H., & Vogel, J. C. (1970) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/0012-821x(70)90109-3 · Cited by 610
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- [23]23. Becker, R. H., 1971, Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in iron- formation and associated rocks from the Hamersley Range of Western Australia and their implications: Chicago Univ. Ph. D. thesis, 138 p.
- [30]30. ____1969a, Calculated fractionation factors for carbon and hydrogen isotope exchange in the system calcite-CO2-graphite-methane- hydrogen and water vapor: Geochim. et. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 33, p. 49-64. _1969b, Carbon isotope fractionation between graphite, diamond and carbon dioxide: Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, v. 5, p. 301-307.
- [47]47. Epstein, S., 1976, A revised oxygen paleotemperature scale: Geol. Soc. America Bull, (in press).
- [102]102. Rennow, M., 1970, Gleichgewichts-und kinetische Trennfactoren bei der verdunstung von wasser: II Physikalisches Institut der Uni- versitat Heidelberg Ph. D. thesis, 217 p.
- [103]103. Robinson, R., 1973, Sulfur isotopic equilibrium during sulfur hy- drolysis at high temperature: Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, v. 18, no. 3, p. 443-450.
- [107]107. Sharan, Y., Galas, C., Lees, E., and Zhook, V., 1974, Experimental determination of the sulfur isotope exchange equilibrium constant in the system H2S(g)-H2S(solution): National Symposium on Stable Isotope Geochemistry, 5th, Moscow, Program Pt. I, p. 31 [in Russian].
- [111]111. Sofer, Z., and Gat, J. R., 1972, Activities and concentrations of oxygen- 18 in concentrated aqueous salt solutions: Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, v. 15, no. 3, p. 232-238.
- [116]116. Suvorova, V. A., 1974, Temperature dependence of the distribution coefficient of sulfur isotopes between equilibrium sulfides: Nat- ional Symposium on Stable Isotope Geochemistry, 5th, Moscow, Program Pt. 1, p. 128 [in Russian].
- [121]121. Taylor, B. E., 1976, Origin and significance of C-O-H fluids in the formation of Ca-Fe-Si skarn, Osgood Mountains, Humboldt County, Nev.: Stanford Univ., Ph. D thesis.
- [129]129. Vogel, J. C., 1959, Isotopen trennfaktoren des Kohlenstoffs im Gleichgewichtssystem Kohlendioxyd-Bikarbonat-Karbonat: Heidelberg Univ. Ph. D. thesis, 196 p. ____1961, Isotope fractionation factors of carbon in the equilibrium system CO2-HCO~-CO=: Summer Course of Nuclear Geology, Varenna 1960, Proc., Italian Comm. Nuclear Energy, p. 216-221.
- [132]132. Wendt, I., Stahl, W., Geyh, M., and Fauth, F., 1966, Model experi- ments for 14C-water age determinations: Symposium on isotopes in hydrology, Internal. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna 1966, Proc., p. 321-336 [1967].
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Palaeoclimate interpretation of stable isotope data from lake sediment archives
Leng, M. J., & Marshall, J. D. (2004) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.06.012 · Cited by 1,246
“The carbonate in Hawes Water precipitates close to, but with a slight offset from, equilibrium as defined 33 by the relationships of Friedman and O’Neil (1977) and Kim and O’Neil (1997).”
BackgroundBanner, J. L., & Hanson, G. N. (1990) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(90)90128-8 · Cited by 1,201
Bemis, B. E., Spero, H. J., Bijma, J., & Lea, D. W. (1998) · Paleoceanography · doi:10.1029/98pa00070 · Cited by 1,110
13C and 18O isotopic disequilibrium in biological carbonates: I. Patterns
McConnaughey, T. (1989) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(89)90282-2 · Cited by 1,033
ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES IN LAKE STUDIES
Gonfiantini, R. (1986) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-42225-5.50008-5 · Cited by 1,030
Horita, J., & Wesolowski, D. J. (1994) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)90096-5 · Cited by 940
Scholle, P. A., & Arthur, M. A. (1980) · AAPG Bulletin · doi:10.1306/2f91892d-16ce-11d7-8645000102c1865d · Cited by 812
Oxygen isotopic fractionation in the system quartz-albite-anorthite-water
Matsuhisa, Y., Goldsmith, J. R., & Clayton, R. N. (1979) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(79)90099-1 · Cited by 794
Fractionation of oxygen isotopes between mammalian bone-phosphate and environmental drinking water
Luz, B., Kolodny, Y., & Horowitz, M. (1984) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(84)90338-7 · Cited by 774
The geochemistry of carbonate diagenesis: The past, present and future
Swart, P. K. (2015) · Sedimentology · doi:10.1111/sed.12205 · Cited by 775
Valley, J. W., Kitchen, N., Kohn, M. J., Niendorf, C. R., & Spicuzza, M. J. (1995) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00386-x · Cited by 696
Weathering processes in the Ganges–Brahmaputra basin and the riverine alkalinity budget
Galy, Α., & France‐Lanord, C. (1999) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(99)00033-9 · Cited by 685
Paleosols in clastic sedimentary rocks: their geologic applications
Kraus, M. J. (1999) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0012-8252(99)00026-4 · Cited by 666
Rapid emergence of life shown by discovery of 3,700-million-year-old microbial structures
Nutman, A. P., Bennett, V. C., Friend, C. R. L., Kranendonk, M. J. V., & Chivas, A. R. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature19355 · Cited by 608
The chemistry of hydrothermal magnetite: A review
Nadoll, P., Angerer, T., Mauk, J. L., French, D., & Walshe, J. L. (2014) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.12.013 · Cited by 623
McConnaughey, T. (1989) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(89)90283-4 · Cited by 595
Geochemical Patterns of Meteoric Diagenetic Systems and Their Application to Studies of Paleokarst
Lohmann, K. C. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3748-8_3 · Cited by 606
ISOTOPIC RECONSTRUCTION OF PAST CONTINENTAL ENVIRONMENTS
Koch, P. L. (1998) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.26.1.573 · Cited by 567
Isotope paleontology: growth and composition of extant calcareous species
Wefer, G., & Berger, W. (1991) · Marine Geology · doi:10.1016/0025-3227(91)90234-u · Cited by 562
Stable isotope geochemistry of clay minerals
Sheppard, S. M. F., & Gilg, H. A. (1996) · Clay Minerals · doi:10.1180/claymin.1996.031.1.01 · Cited by 526
Kelemen, P. B., Matter, J., Streit, E. E., Rudge, J. F., Curry, W. B., & Blusztajn, J. (2011) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-092010-152509 · Cited by 518
Fundamentals of Isotope Geochemistry
Kendall, C., & Caldwell, E. A. (1998) · Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-81546-0.50009-4 · Cited by 530
Schauble, E. A., Ghosh, P., & Eiler, J. M. (2006) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2006.02.011 · Cited by 483
“This pattern suggests an inverse correlation between Keq[3866] and the atomic number of the cation, as is also observed in O/O and C/C partitioning between carbonates and other phases (e.g. Sheppard and Schwarcz, 1970; Friedman and O’Neil, 1977; Sommer and Rye, 1978; Grossman and Ku, 1986; Chacko et al., 2001).”
BackgroundResultPan, Y., & Dong, P. (1999) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0169-1368(99)00022-0 · Cited by 480
Gregg, J. M., Bish, D. L., Kaczmarek, S. E., & Machel, H. G. (2015) · Sedimentology · doi:10.1111/sed.12202 · Cited by 480
“These authors apparently synthesized VHMC and therefore have not improved the understanding of the dolomite-water fractionation factor (Friedman & O’Neil, 1977).”
BackgroundBöhlke, J. K., Mroczkowski, S. J., & Coplen, T. B. (2003) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.1123 · Cited by 465
A stable isotope aridity index for terrestrial environments
Levin, N. E., Cerling, T. E., Passey, B. H., et al. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0604719103 · Cited by 466
Equilibrium Oxygen, Hydrogen and Carbon Isotope Fractionation Factors Applicable to Geologic Systems
Chacko, T., Cole, D. R., & Horita, J. (2001) · Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry · doi:10.2138/gsrmg.43.1.1 · Cited by 462
Oxygen isotope variations in phosphate of biogenic apatites, IV. Mammal teeth and bones
Luz, B., & Kolodny, Y. (1985) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/0012-821x(85)90047-0 · Cited by 452
Rowley, D. B., Pierrehumbert, R. T., & Currie, B. S. (2001) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(01)00324-7 · Cited by 441
“Conversion of N(18)OCc PDB to N(18)Op SMOW is based on equilibrium, temperature-dependent fractionation between carbonate and water [72] where temperatures and 1c deviations of T derived from the model at the current elevation of each sample is used.”
BackgroundBreecker, D. O., Sharp, Z. D., & McFadden, L. D. (2009) · Geological Society of America Bulletin · doi:10.1130/b26413.1 · Cited by 429
Tremaine, D. M., Froelich, P. N., & Wang, Y. (2011) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2011.06.005 · Cited by 395
“3), while calculations of Frisia et al. (2011) demonstrate a cave air-CO2 contribution to drip water DIC on the order of 25–30%.”
BackgroundHydrogen generation from mantle source rocks in Oman
Neal, C., & Stanger, G. (1983) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/0012-821x(83)90144-9 · Cited by 375
An interactive code (NETPATH) for modeling NET geochemical reactions along a flow PATH, version 2.0
Plummer, L. N., Prestemon, E. C., & Parkhurst, D. L. (1994) · doi:10.3133/wri944169 · Cited by 408
Cenozoic dolomites of carbonate islands: their attributes and origin
Budd, D. A. (1997) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0012-8252(96)00051-7 · Cited by 411
Capezzuoli, E., Gandin, A., & Pedley, M. H. (2013) · Sedimentology · doi:10.1111/sed.12075 · Cited by 403
“…when coupled with a d18O water composition estimate, palaeotemperatures can be obtained from the water–bicarbonate oxygen isotope equilibrium fractionation value (Halas & Wolacewicz, 1982, as an alternative to employing the water-travertine equilibrium fractionation of Friedman & O’Neil, 1977).”
Wang, Y., & Cerling, T. E. (1994) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/0031-0182(94)90100-7 · Cited by 403
Jaffrés, J. B. D., Shields, G. A., & Wallmann, K. (2007) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.04.002 · Cited by 398
“Similarly, the equation for calcite was determined as 1000⁎ ln(αcalcite-water)=2.78⁎10 6T−2− 2.89 (Friedman and O'Neil, 1977).”
BackgroundInfluentialOxygen and carbon isotope fractionations between CO2 and calcite
Chacko, T., Mayeda, T. K., Clayton, R. N., & Goldsmith, J. R. (1991) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(91)90452-b · Cited by 387
The influence of microhabitats on the carbon isotopic composition of deep‐sea benthic foraminifera
McCorkle, D. C., Keigwin, L. D., Corliss, B. H., & Emerson, S. (1990) · Paleoceanography · doi:10.1029/pa005i002p00161 · Cited by 382
Swart, P. K., Burns, S. J., & Leder, J. J. (1991) · Chemical Geology: Isotope Geoscience section · doi:10.1016/0168-9622(91)90055-2 · Cited by 382
Phosphoric acid fractionation factors for calcite and aragonite between 25 and 75 °C: Revisited
Kim, S.-T., Mucci, A., & Taylor, B. E. (2007) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.08.005 · Cited by 374
“The 1000lnαCO2(ACID)–carbonate value for aragonite was initially determined by Sharma and Clayton (1965), and later revised by Friedman and O'Neil (1977) to 10.29 (±0.06; n=2) at 25 °C.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialUranium-series Chronology and Environmental Applications of Speleothems
Richards, D. A. (2003) · Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry · doi:10.2113/0520407 · Cited by 385
Stable isotope analysis of multiple carbonate samples using selective acid extraction
Al‐Aasm, I. S., Taylor, B. E., & South, B. C. (1990) · Chemical Geology Isotope Geoscience section · doi:10.1016/0168-9622(90)90020-d · Cited by 375
Fouke, B., Farmer, J. D., Marais, D. D. D., Pratt, L., Sturchio, N., Burns, P. C., & Discipulo, M. (2001) · Journal of sedimentary research. Section A, Sedimentary petrology and processes : an international journal of SEPM · doi:10.1306/2dc40929-0e47-11d7-8643000102c1865d · Cited by 379
“The individual fractionation factors (Friedman and O'Neil 1977) are ␣ f ϭ C f /C g , ␣ b ϭ C b /C g , ␣ d ϭ C d /C g (g ϭ gaseous CO 2 , f ϭ dissolved CO 2 ϩ H 2 CO 3 , b ϭ dissolved HCO 3 Ϫ , d ϭ dissolved CO 3 2Ϫ ).”
Dettman, D. L., Reische, A. K., & Lohmann, K. C. (1999) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(99)00020-4 · Cited by 358
Oxygen isotope partitioning between phosphate and carbonate in mammalian apatite
Bryant, J. D., Koch, P. L., Froelich, P. N., Showers, W., & Genna, B. J. (1996) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(96)00308-0 · Cited by 353
Stable Isotope-Based Paleoaltimetry
Rowley, D. B., & Garzione, C. N. (2007) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140155 · Cited by 355
Geochemistry and origin of formation brines from the Paris Basin, France
Fontes, J. C., & Matray, J. (1993) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/0009-2541(93)90068-t · Cited by 354
Vasconcelos, C., McKenzie, J. A., Warthmann, R., & Bernasconi, S. M. (2005) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g20992.1 · Cited by 354
Coplen, T. B. (2007) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2007.05.028 · Cited by 347
Watson, E. B. (2004) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2003.10.003 · Cited by 340
Carbon and oxygen isotope fractionation in scleractinian corals: a review
Swart, P. K. (1983) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/0012-8252(83)90076-4 · Cited by 342
Calculation of oxygen isotope fractionation in metal oxides
Yong-fei, Z. (1991) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(91)90105-e · Cited by 337
Kieffer, S. W. (1982) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1029/rg020i004p00827 · Cited by 332
Garzione, C. N., Quade, J., DeCelles, P. G., & English, N. B. (2000) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(00)00252-1 · Cited by 326
“1 We use the equation of Friedman and O'Neil [55] instead of the more recently published equation by Kim and O'Neil [56]”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialYakir, D., & Wang, X. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/380515a0 · Cited by 321
Andrews, J. A., & Schlesinger, W. H. (2001) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2000gb001278 · Cited by 338
Absolute isotopic abundance ratios and the accuracy of Δ47 measurements
Daëron, M., Blamart, D., Peral, M., & Affek, H. P. (2016) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.08.014 · Cited by 310
A humid climate state during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum
Bowen, G. J., Beerling, D. J., Koch, P. L., Zachos, J. C., & Quattlebaum, T. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03115 · Cited by 326
Greinert, J., Bohrmann, G., & Suess, E. (2011) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1029/gm124p0099 · Cited by 320
“Whereas carbon isotopes reflect the carbon source, oxygen isotopes are effected by the formation temperature, the isotopic composition of the source water and the respective fractionation of the carbonate phases [Friedman and O'Neil, 1977].”
BackgroundBijma, J., Spero, H. J., & Lea, D. W. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-58646-0_20 · Cited by 322
Stuart, F. M., Burnard, P. G., Taylor, R. P., et al. (1995) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00300-2 · Cited by 311
Affek, H. P., Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A., Matthews, A., & Eiler, J. M. (2008) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2008.06.031 · Cited by 306
Environment of formation and styles of volcanogenic massive sulfides: The Iberian Pyrite Belt
Tornos, F. (2005) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2004.12.005 · Cited by 306
Proskurowski, G., Lilley, M. D., Kelley, D. S., & Olson, E. J. (2006) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.11.005 · Cited by 299
“We extrapolate the experimentally derived geothermometer equations to accommodate the low-temperature Lost City samples, a treatment similar to the one published in Friedman and O'Neil (1977).”
MethodMass transfer and carbon isotope evolution in natural water systems
Wigley, T. M. L., Plummer, L. N., & Pearson, F. J. (1978) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(78)90108-4 · Cited by 302
Oxygen and carbon isotope fractionation in the system dolomite–water–CO2 to elevated temperatures
Horita, J. (2014) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2013.12.027 · Cited by 298
Stable isotope mass balance of lakes: a contemporary perspective
Gibson, J. J., Birks, S. J., & Yi, Y. (2015) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.04.013 · Cited by 294
“Analogous to marine studies (Emiliani, 1955; Shackleton and Opdyke, 1973) stratigraphic changes in d18O in the lacustrine environment were initially attributed largely to changes in lake or air temperature (Eicher and Siegenthaler, 1976) and interpreted based on the understanding of the temperature dependence of isoto…”
BackgroundAn interactive code (NETPATH) for modeling NET geochemical reactions along a flow PATH
Plummer, L. N., Prestemon, E. C., & Parkhurst, D. L. (1991) · doi:10.3133/wri914078 · Cited by 295
“Friedman and O'Neil (1977) give an extensive review of literature values of a.”
BackgroundKursinski, E. R., Hajj, G. A., Bertiger, W. I., Leroy, S. S., Meehan, T. K., Romans, L. J., Schofield, J. T., McCleese, D. J., Melbourne, W. G., Thornton, C. L., et al. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.271.5252.1107 · Cited by 293
Naehr, T., Eichhubl, P., Orphan, V. J., Hovland, M. T., Paull, C. K., Ussler, W., Lorenson, T. D., & Greene, H. G. (2007) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.04.010 · Cited by 286
“Our calculations of equilibrium formation temperatures or pore water isotopic compositions are based on equations by Friedman and O’Neil (1977) for Mg-calcite, Hudson and Anderson (1989) for aragonite, and Irwin (1980) for protodolomite and dolomite.”
MethodThe formation of caliche in soils of the Mojave Desert, California
Schlesinger, W. H. (1985) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(85)90191-7 · Cited by 286
von Grafenstein, U., Erlernkeuser, H., & Trimborn, P. (1999) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/s0031-0182(98)00180-1 · Cited by 285
Fleitmann, D., Burns, S. J., Neff, U., Mangini, A., & Matter, A. (2003) · Quaternary Research · doi:10.1016/s0033-5894(03)00086-3 · Cited by 287
“Whereas DFI values directly reflect the isotopic composition of paleogroundwater, 18O values must be calculated from measured 18OC values using the calcite-water fractionation equation (103ln 2.78(106T 2) 2.89; Friedman and O’Neil, 1977), assuming a cave air temperature between 25° and 27°C.”
MethodInfluentialKlein, R. T., Lohmann, K. C., & Thayer, C. W. (1996) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(96)00232-3 · Cited by 279
Carothers, W. W., Adami, L. H., & Rosenbauer, R. J. (1988) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(88)90302-x · Cited by 282
Oxygen isotope variations in phosphate of biogenic apatites, II. Phosphorite rocks
Shemesh, A., Kolodny, Y., & Luz, B. (1983) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/0012-821x(83)90101-2 · Cited by 281
An Isotopic Study of Paleosol Carbonates from Olduvai Gorge
Cerling, T. E., & Hay, R. L. (1986) · Quaternary Research · doi:10.1016/0033-5894(86)90044-x · Cited by 279
Mullis, J., Jean Dubessy, A., Poty, B., & O’Neil, J. R. (1994) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)90008-6 · Cited by 278
Self-citationThe Cenomanian–Turonian boundary at Eastbourne (Sussex, UK): a proposed European reference section
PAUL, C. R. C., Lamolda, M. A., Mıtchell, S. F., et al. (1999) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/s0031-0182(99)00009-7 · Cited by 275
“01025 was used (Friedman and O’Neil, 1977): R samples were reacted at 50oC and an acid fractionation factor of 1.”
MethodInfluentialMao, J., Wang, Y., Li, H., Pirajno, F., Zhang, C., & Wang, R. (2007) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2007.01.003 · Cited by 274
Oxygen isotope fractionation in quartz, albite, anorthite and calcite
Clayton, R. N., Goldsmith, J. R., & Mayeda, T. K. (1989) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(89)90015-x · Cited by 272
Delaney, M. L., Bé, A. W. H., & Boyle, E. A. (1985) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(85)90284-4 · Cited by 266
Curtis, C. D., Coleman, M. L., & Love, L. G. (1986) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(86)90085-2 · Cited by 264
Zazzo, A., Lécuyer, C., & Mariotti, A. A. (2003) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(03)00278-3 · Cited by 265
Oxygen isotope fractionation during the dolomitization of calcium carbonate
Matthews, A., & Katz, A. (1977) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(77)90249-6 · Cited by 260
Truesdell, A. H., Nathenson, M., & Rye, R. O. (1977) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jb082i026p03694 · Cited by 259
Stable isotope stratigraphy and paleoclimatology of the Paleogene Bighorn Basin (Wyoming, USA)
Koch, P., Zachos, J., & Dettman, D. (1995) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/0031-0182(94)00107-j · Cited by 279
Hildreth, W., Christiansen, R. L., & O'Neil, J. R. (1984) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jb089ib10p08339 · Cited by 251
Self-citationStable isotopic compositions of precipitation in China
Liu, J., Song, X., Yuan, G., et al. (2014) · Tellus B · doi:10.3402/tellusb.v66.22567 · Cited by 247
“where a2 and a18 are temperature dependent (Friedman and O’Neil, 1977; Criss, 1999):”
BackgroundRicketts, R. D., Johnson, T. C., Brown, E. T., Rasmussen, K. A., & Romanovsky, V. V. (2001) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/s0031-0182(01)00339-x · Cited by 244
δ18O and δ13C values of modern brachiopod shells
Carpenter, S. J., & Lohmann, K. C. (1995) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00291-7 · Cited by 242
Currie, B. S., Rowley, D. B., & Tabor, N. J. (2005) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g21170.1 · Cited by 242
Middle to Late Paleozoic Atmospheric CO 2 Levels from Soil Carbonate and Organic Matter
Mora, C. I., Driese, S. G., & Colarusso, L. A. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.271.5252.1105 · Cited by 239
“A number of studies report an increase in the 8'3C of marine inorganic carbon (marine carbonate rocks) from 0 per mil in the Late Silurian to 6 per mil in the Early Permian (I 1); the 8'3C of atmospheric CO2 is thus predicted to parallel this trend, with values -7 per mil more negative (12).”
BackgroundAn integrated chemical and stable‐isotope model of the origin of Midocean Ridge Hot Spring Systems
Bowers, T. S., & Taylor, H. P. (1985) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jb090ib14p12583 · Cited by 239
Rosales, I., Quesada, S., & Robles, S. (2004) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/s0031-0182(03)00686-2 · Cited by 244
Metadata
- Authors
- Friedman, I., & O'Neil, J. R.
- Venue
- Professional Paper
- Publisher
- US Geological Survey
- Published
- 1977
- ISSN
- 1044-9612 (ISSN-L)
- 2330-7102
- OpenAlex
- W1547907389
- Cited by
- 2,691
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 111 · 2019: 99 · 2018: 86 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 88 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 83 · 2012: 84
- Type
- report
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- USGS professional paper (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Keywords
- stable isotope fractionation, fractionation factor, isotope geochemistry, mass-dependent fractionation, mass-independent fractionation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
