Cited by 4Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchMigration, Health and TraumaMental Health Treatment and Access

Hitting the wall: The impact of barriers to care and cumulative trauma exposure on PTSD among Northern Ireland Veterans

Open access
Spikol, Eric, Hitch, Catherine, Robinson, Martin, McGlinchey, Emily, Armour, Cherie·2024·Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health

Abstract

Introduction: Seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) distress can be complicated by a variety of internal and external factors that prevent an individual from seeking care and treatment while distress worsens. This is especially true for hidden populations with an extensive trauma history, such as UK Armed Forces Veterans residing in Northern Ireland. This study aimed to determine the contribution of barriers to care and cumulative trauma exposure to the severity of PTSD symptomatology, the extent of that contribution, and whether variance existed in the specific types of barriers. Methods: Data from 657 Veterans residing in Northern Ireland (90.6% male) taken from the Northern Ireland Veterans Health and Wellbeing Study were used in a series of regression models to explore the relationships among cumulative trauma exposure, barriers to care, specific barrier types, and PTSD symptomatology. Results: Overall barriers to care and cumulative trauma exposure predicted PTSD (β = 0.385), as did, to a lesser degree, logistical barriers (β = 0.348), trust barriers (β = 0.258), and stigmatic barriers (β = 0.298). Discussion: The accumulation of multiple trauma exposures and experiences is strongly associated with PTSD symptomatology, with barriers to care having a significant impact on distress. Overall barriers, specific subtypes of barriers, and trauma contributed to PTSD in this population of UK Armed Forces Veterans residing in Northern Ireland.

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Crossref · 10.3138/jmvfh-2022-0078

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Authors
Spikol, E., Hitch, C., Robinson, M., McGlinchey, E., & Armour, C.
Affiliations
  • Queen's University Belfast (GB)
  • Swansea University (GB)
  • Stress Trauma and Related Conditions (STARC) Research Centre, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
Venue
Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health
Published
2024-06-01
Volume
10
Issue
3
Pages
121-134
ISSN
2368-7924 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4391884401
Cited by
4
References
42
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2024: 2
FWCI
2.01
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
British Psychological Society
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords
post-traumatic stress disorder, barriers to care, cumulative trauma, PTSD symptom severity, trust barriers, logistics barriers, help-seeking, hidden populations

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