Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. soldiers returning from Iraq

Hoge, Charles W.; McGurk, Dennis; Thomas, Jeffrey L.; Cox, Anthony L.; Engel, Charles C.; Castro, Carl A.

doi:10.1056/nejmoa072972

Cited by 2,775Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchPosttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchAutomotive and Human Injury Biomechanics

Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. soldiers returning from Iraq

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Hoge, Charles W., McGurk, Dennis, Thomas, Jeffrey L., Cox, Anthony L., Engel, Charles C., Castro, Carl A.·2008·New England Journal of Medicine

DOI 10.1056/nejmoa072972

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Abstract

Background An important medical concern of the Iraq war is the potential long-term effect of mild traumatic brain injury, or concussion, particularly from blast explosions. However, the epidemiology of combat-related mild traumatic brain injury is poorly understood. Methods We surveyed 2525 U.S. Army infantry soldiers 3 to 4 months after their return from a year-long deployment to Iraq. Validated clinical instruments were used to compare soldiers reporting mild traumatic brain injury, defined as an injury with loss of consciousness or altered mental status (e.g., dazed or confused), with soldiers who reported other injuries. Results Of 2525 soldiers, 124 (4.9%) reported injuries with loss of consciousness, 260 (10.3%) reported injuries with altered mental status, and 435 (17.2%) reported other injuries during deployment. Of those reporting loss of consciousness, 43.9% met criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as compared with 27.3% of those reporting altered mental status, 16.2% with other injuries, and 9.1% with no injury. Soldiers with mild traumatic brain injury, primarily those who had loss of consciousness, were significantly more likely to report poor general health, missed workdays, medical visits, and a high number of somatic and postconcussive symptoms than were soldiers with other injuries. However, after adjustment for PTSD and depression, mild traumatic brain injury was no longer significantly associated with these physical health outcomes or symptom…

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Authors: Hoge, C. W., McGurk, D., Thomas, J. L., Cox, A. L., Engel, C. C., & Castro, C. A.
Affiliations: United States Army Medical Research and Development Command (US)
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (US)
ORCID: McGurk, Dennis
Engel, Charles C.
Castro, Carl A.
Venue: New England Journal of Medicine
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Published: 2008-01-31
Volume: 358
Issue: 5
Pages: 453-463
ISSN: 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
1533-4406
DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa072972
OpenAlex: W2169828275
Cited by: 2,775
References: 10
Citations by year: 2026: 49 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 148 · 2019: 169 · 2018: 196 · 2017: 182 · 2016: 177 · 2015: 236 · 2014: 216 · 2013: 207 · 2012: 217
FWCI: 127.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
Keywords: mild traumatic brain injury, concussion, war injuries, Iraq War, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, military personnel, blast injury, post-concussion symptoms, headache, physical health outcomes, return from deployment
MeSH terms: Adult, Blast Injuries, Brain Injuries, Consciousness Disorders, Data Collection, Depressive Disorder, Female, Headache, Health Status, Humans, Male, Military Personnel, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, Trauma Severity Indices, Prevalence, Post-Concussion Syndrome, Iraq War, 2003-2011

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Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. soldiers returning from Iraq

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