The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
How artificial intelligence will affect the practice of law
Open accessAbstract
Artificial intelligence is exerting an influence on all professions and industries. We have autonomous vehicles, instantaneous translation among the world’s leading languages, and search engines that rapidly locate information anywhere on the web in a way that is tailored to a user’s interests and past search history. Law is not immune from disruption by new technology. Software tools are beginning to affect various aspects of lawyers’ work, including those tasks that historically relied upon expert human judgment, such as predicting court outcomes. These new software tools present new challenges and new opportunities. In the short run, we can expect greater legal transparency, more efficient dispute resolution, improved access to justice, and new challenges to the traditional organization of private law firms delivering legal services on a billable hour basis through a leveraged partner-associate model. With new technology, lawyers will be empowered to work more efficiently, deepen and broaden their areas of expertise, and provide more value to clients. These developments will predictably transform both how lawyers do legal work and resolve disputes on behalf of their clients. In the longer term, it is difficult to predict what the impact of artificially intelligent tools will be, as lawyers incorporate them into their practice and expand their range of services on behalf of clients.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Alarie, Niblett and Yoon (2018) show that AI is already reshaping the organisation and delivery of legal services”
From From Human Oversight to Cognitive Sovereignty: A Process-Based Governance Standard for AI-Assisted Legal Reasoning (2026) · cites this paper as Alarie, Niblett and Yoon (2018)
In the citing paper
“AI tools are likely to affect legal research, prediction, drafting, billing models and access to justice, thereby changing the ordinary infrastructure of legal service delivery (Alarie et al., 2018).”
From From Human Oversight to Cognitive Sovereignty: A Process-Based Governance Standard for AI-Assisted Legal Reasoning (2026) · cites this paper as Alarie et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Finally, human skills can be complemented rather than copied by automated processes, with machines taking charge of the routine aspects of the job (Autor 2014;Brooks et al. 2020;Alarie et al. 2018;Ekbia and Nardi 2017).”
From Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences (2024) · cites this paper as Alarie et al. 2018
Citations
Cites
(2016) · Gaming Law Review and Economics · doi:10.1089/glre.2016.201011 · Cited by 2,180
Advances in natural language processing
Hirschberg, J., & Manning, C. D. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaa8685 · Cited by 1,712
The Printing Press as an Agent of Change
Eisenstein, E. L. (1980) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107049963 · Cited by 1,624
(1990) · American Economic Review · Cited by 1,345
Human Decisions and Machine Predictions
Kleinberg, J., Lakkaraju, H., Leskovec, J., Ludwig, J., & Mullainathan, S. (2017) · doi:10.3386/w23180 · Cited by 545
The future of the professions: how technology will transform the work of human experts
(2016) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.196146 · Cited by 419
Law and Justice in the Courts of Classical Athens
Lanni, A. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511497865 · Cited by 293
The cost disease: why computers get cheaper and health care doesn't
(2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-4547 · Cited by 282
Behind Deep Blue: building the computer that defeated the world chess champion
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-4053 · Cited by 270
Markov Chains Theory and Applications.
McGinnis, R., Isaacson, D., & Madsen, R. W. (1977) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2064802 · Cited by 63
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Drydakis, N. (2022) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-022-10249-6 · Cited by 180
Helberger, N., Araujo, T., & de Vreese, C. H. (2020) · Computer law & security review · doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2020.105456 · Cited by 142
Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences
Deranty, J.-P., & Corbin, T. (2024) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-022-01496-x · Cited by 118
Stakeholders’ perspectives on the future of artificial intelligence in radiology: a scoping review
Yang, L., Ene, I. C., Belaghi, R. A., Koff, D., Stein, N., & Santaguida, P. L. (2021) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-021-08214-z · Cited by 116
Re-engineering justice? Robot judges, computerised courts and (semi) automated legal decision-making
Morison, J., & Harkens, A. (2019) · Legal Studies · doi:10.1017/lst.2019.5 · Cited by 89
Metadata
- Authors
- Alarie, B., Niblett, A., & Yoon, A. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Alarie, Benjamin
- Venue
- University of Toronto Law Journal
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- supplement 1
- Pages
- 106-124
- ISSN
- 0042-0220 (ISSN-L)
- 1710-1174
- OpenAlex
- W2767613032
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 53.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- University of Toronto Law Journal (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
- Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) (submittedVersion)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Law › Artificial Intelligence in Law
- Social Sciences › Law › Legal Education and Practice Innovations
- Social Sciences › Law › Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
- Keywords
- artificial intelligence, legal practice, legal profession, legal software, dispute resolution, access to justice, legal transparency, law firms, billable hours, attorney-client relationship, technological disruption
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review