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Cited by 476Milk Quality and Mastitis in Dairy CowsMicrobial infections and disease researchGenetic and phenotypic traits in livestock

Environmental Mastitis: Cause, Prevalence, Prevention

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Smith, K.Larry, Todhunter, D.A., Schoenberger, P.S.·1985·Journal of Dairy Science
DOI 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)80993-0
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Abstract

Rate of intramammary infection by coliform bacteria and species of streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae (environmental pathogens) was studied in a dairy herd in total confinement. Rate was higher during the dry period than during lactation and increased progressively as parity increased. Rate was maximal during summer and coincided with maximum exposure to coliforms in bedding. Streptococcal infections were longer than coliform. Approximately 59% of streptococcal infections and 69% of coliform infections were present for 30 lactation days or less. Percent quarters infected by day of year varied between .7 and 3.0% for coliform bacteria and between 1.6 and 4.7% for streptococci. Approximately 81% of coliform infections and 53% of streptococcal infections during lactation were clinical. Clinical cases were highest during the first 76 days of lactation and during summer. Only 6.7% of coliform infections resulted in acute coliform mastitis, and all acute cases were during summer or early lactation. Dry cow therapy reduced rate of streptococcal infection during the early dry period but was without effect during the prepartum period. There was no effect of dry cow therapy on coliform infection rate during the dry period. Problems associated with prevalence and control of environmental mastitis were discussed.

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  • Older cows have a higher rate of clinical mastitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria compared with primiparous cows.

    “In general, older cows have a higher rate of clinical mastitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria compared with primiparous cows [55].”

    From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [55]

  • The duration of intramammary infections caused by K. pneumoniae averages about 21 days.

    “Duration of intramammary infections caused by K. pneumoniae average about 21 days [55].”

    From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [55]

  • Studies in the United States and Europe consistently report that approximately 40% of clinical cases are the result of Gram-negative bacteria.

    “The percentage distribution of Gram-negative bacteria causing clinical mastitis is herd dependant, but studies in the United States and Europe consistently report that appropriately 40% of clinical cases are the result of Gram-negative bacteria [25, 27, 55, 57].”

    From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [55]

  • 65% of coliform clinical cases that occur in the first two months of lactation are intramammary infections that originated during the dry period.

    “Research has shown that 65% of coliform clinical cases that occur in the first two months of lactation are intramammary infections that originated during the dry period [55].”

    From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [55]

  • The rate of clinical cases caused by Gram-negative bacteria averages approximately 20 cases per 100 cows per year in these studies.

    “Rate of clinical cases caused by Gram-negative bacteria average approximately 20 cases per 100 cows per year in these studies.”

    From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [55]

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Authors
Smith, K. L., Todhunter, D. A., & Schoenberger, P. S.
ORCID
Smith, K.Larry
Venue
Journal of Dairy Science
Publisher
American Dairy Science Association
Published
1985-06
Volume
68
Issue
6
Pages
1531-1553
ISSN
0022-0302 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)80993-0
OpenAlex
W1511204912
Cited by
475
References
57
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 16
FWCI
16.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Dairy Science (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture
  • Ohio State University
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Milk Quality and Mastitis in Dairy Cows
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
Keywords
environmental mastitis, intramammary infection, coliform bacteria, Streptococcus, Streptococcus agalactiae, dairy cattle, dry period, parity, seasonal variation, bedding, dry cow therapy, clinical mastitis, mastitis prevention, total confinement
MeSH terms
Animals, Cattle, Corynebacterium, Disinfection, Enterobacteriaceae, Environmental Microbiology, Female, Immunization, Lactation, Mammary Glands, Animal, Mastitis, Bovine, Ohio, Pregnancy, Seasons, Species Specificity, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus

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