Field Survey of Clinical Mastitis in Low Somatic Cell Count Herds
Open accessAbstract
Nine commercial dairy herds, each with low herd milk somatic cell counts, were monitored for 1 yr to determine prevalence of intramammary infections and rates of clinical mastitis. Staphylococcus species was the bacterial group most frequently isolated from quarters at calving and at drying off. Environmental streptococci and coliform intramammary infections totaled less than 6% of quarters at both calving and at drying off. Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from less than 1% of quarters and Streptococcus agalactiae from 0% of quarters at both calving and drying off. A total of 646 clinical cases of mastitis were diagnosed in 548 quarters of 406 cows. Mean rate of clinical mastitis among herds was .457 clinical cases/305 cow-days. Rates of clinical mastitis ranged among herds from .273 to .748 clinical cases/305 cow-days. Coliforms and bacteriologically negative and environmental streptococci accounted for 82.3% of clinical cases. Rates of clinical mastitis and severity of clinical signs differed among herds, seasons of the year, parity groups, and stages of lactation. Rates of clinical mastitis were highest during summer, in first lactation cows, and during the first 7 d of lactation.
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Only about 10% of clinical coliform cases result in systemic signs including fever, anorexia, and altered respiration.
“Only about 10% of clinical coliform cases result in systemic signs including fever, anorexia, and altered respiration [25, 55].”
From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [25]
The Clinical Mastitis Severity Codes section defines code 5 as including systemic signs. The Mastitis Severity Codes results report that 29.2% of clinical coliform cases were code 5, contrary to the claimed approximately 10%. Our copy does not specify fever, anorexia, or altered respiration as those signs. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStudies in the United States and Europe consistently report that approximately 40% of clinical cases are the result of Gram-negative bacteria.
“The percentage distribution of Gram-negative bacteria causing clinical mastitis is herd dependant, but studies in the United States and Europe consistently report that appropriately 40% of clinical cases are the result of Gram-negative bacteria [25, 27, 55, 57].”
From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [25]
The Distribution of Clinical Cases by Bacteriological Status section reports 29.7% coliform cases and 6.5% nonlactose-fermenting cases; the paper identifies the latter as Gram-negative bacilli. Together, these account for about 36% of cases in the herds studied, reasonably close to 40%. The paper does not establish that studies across the United States and Europe consistently find that proportion; its comparison with United Kingdom herds concerns overall mastitis rates, not the Gram-negative percentage. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIntramammary infections caused by Serratia spp. and Pseudomonas spp. often are chronic infections that may persist multiple lactations.
“Intramammary infections caused by Serratia spp. and Pseudomonas spp. often are chronic infections that may persist multiple lactations [25].”
From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [25]
The Rates of Clinical Mastitis section reports that 31.0% of cases involving nonlactose-fermenting gram-negative bacilli were potential repeat cases, and relates this finding to high clinical recurrence among pseudomonads. The paper does not identify Serratia in that finding or establish that infections were chronic or persisted across multiple lactations; the herds were monitored for one year. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe high frequency of clinical cases and relatively short duration of Gram-negative bacterial intramammary infections render individual cow SCC and bulk tank SCC poor indicators of the prevalence of disease caused by these bacteria.
“The high frequency of clinical cases and relatively short duration of Gram-negative bacterial intramammary infections render the use of individual cow SCC and bulk tank SCC as poor indicators of the prevalence of disease caused by these bacteria [13, 20, 25, 57].”
From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [25]
The Conclusions (page unavailable) state that herds with low somatic cell counts can still have unacceptable frequencies of intramammary infections and clinical cases caused by environmental pathogens. The paper also reports frequent coliform clinical cases, but it does not establish that Gram-negative infections are relatively short-lived or assess whether individual-cow and bulk-tank SCC are poor indicators of their prevalence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredColiform bacteria are the culprits of 60 to 70% of peracute clinical cases.
“Survey averages suggest that coliform bacteria are the culprits of 60 to 70% of peracute clinical cases [25, 55].”
From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [25]
The Mastitis Severity Codes section defines code 5 as cases with abnormal milk, quarter swelling, and systemic signs. The severity-code results and Table 2 report that coliforms accounted for 58.9% of code 5 cases, approximately the lower end of the claimed range. The paper does not identify these cases as “peracute” or report a figure approaching 70%. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Recurrent or chronic E. coli infections have been reported as accounting for a relatively small percentage of intramammary infections in survey herds.
“Recurrent or chronic E. coli infections have been reported as accounting a relatively small percentage of intramammary infections in survey herds [25, 55].”
From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [25]
The Rates of Clinical Mastitis section (page unavailable) reports that potential repeat coliform cases accounted for less than 10% of coliform clinical cases; Table 8 gives 7.5%. This supports a small proportion of repeat cases in the survey herds, but the paper reports coliforms rather than E. coli specifically, and potential repeat clinical cases rather than confirmed recurrent or chronic intramammary infections. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe rate of clinical cases caused by Gram-negative bacteria averages approximately 20 cases per 100 cows per year in these studies.
“Rate of clinical cases caused by Gram-negative bacteria average approximately 20 cases per 100 cows per year in these studies.”
From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [25]
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Cites
Environmental Mastitis: Cause, Prevalence, Prevention
Smith, K. L., Todhunter, D. A., & Schoenberger, P. S. (1985) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)80993-0 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Self-citationEnvironmental Pathogens and Intramammary Infection During the Dry Period
Larry Smith, K., Todhunter, D. A., & Schoenberger, P. S. (1985) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)80838-9 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Elxxhart, R. J., R. P. Natzke, F.H.S. Newbould, B. Nonnecke, and P. S. Thompson. 1979. Coliform mastiffs -a review. J. Dairy Sci. 62:1.
- Koncman, E. W., S. D. Allen, V. R. Dowcll, and H. M. Sommcr. 1983. The enterobacteriaceae. Pages 57-124 in Color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology. 2nd ed. J. B. Lippincott Co., New York, NY.
- Pearson, J.K.L., and D. P. Mackie. 1979. Factors associ- ated with the occurrence, cause, and outcome of clinical mastiffs in dairy cattle. Vet. Res. 105:456.
- Wilesmith, J. W., P. G. Francis, and C. D. Wilson. 1986. Incidence of clinical mastiffs in a cohort of British dairy herds. Vet. Rcc. 118:199. Joulll~ of Dairy Science Vol. 72, No. 6, 1989
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hogan, J., & Larry Smith, K. (2003) · Veterinary Research · doi:10.1051/vetres:2003022 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Self-citationField trial to determine efficacy of an Escherichia coli J5 mastitis vaccine
Hogan, J. S., Smith, K. L., Todhunter, D. A., & Schoenberger, P. S. (1992) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(92)77741-8 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationTodhunter, D. A., Smith, K. L., Hogan, J. S., & Nelson, L. (1991) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78230-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationTherapy of experimentally induced coliform mastitis with a Propionibacterium acnes product
Hogan, J. S., Smith, K. L., Todhunter, D. A., & Schoenberger, P. S. (1994) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(94)76974-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Hogan, J. S., Smith, K. L., Hoblet, K. H., Schoenberger, P. S., Todhunter, D. A., Hueston, W. D., Pritchard, D. E., Bowman, G. L., Heider, L. E., Brockett, B. L., & Conrad, H. R.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Dairy Science
- Publisher
- American Dairy Science Association
- Published
- 1989-06
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1547-1556
- ISSN
- 0022-0302 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2101489834
- Cited by
- 266
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 9.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Dairy Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ohio State University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Milk Quality and Mastitis in Dairy Cows
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
- Keywords
- clinical mastitis, dairy cattle, intramammary infection, Staphylococcus, coliform bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, mastitis prevalence, calving, dry-off, parity, lactation stage, seasonal variation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cattle, Cell Count, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae Infections, Female, Lactation, Mastitis, Bovine, Pregnancy, Seasons, Staphylococcal Infections, Staphylococcus, Streptococcal Infections, Streptococcus
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