The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Environmental Mastitis: Cause, Prevalence, Prevention
Open accessAbstract
Rate of intramammary infection by coliform bacteria and species of streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae (environmental pathogens) was studied in a dairy herd in total confinement. Rate was higher during the dry period than during lactation and increased progressively as parity increased. Rate was maximal during summer and coincided with maximum exposure to coliforms in bedding. Streptococcal infections were longer than coliform. Approximately 59% of streptococcal infections and 69% of coliform infections were present for 30 lactation days or less. Percent quarters infected by day of year varied between .7 and 3.0% for coliform bacteria and between 1.6 and 4.7% for streptococci. Approximately 81% of coliform infections and 53% of streptococcal infections during lactation were clinical. Clinical cases were highest during the first 76 days of lactation and during summer. Only 6.7% of coliform infections resulted in acute coliform mastitis, and all acute cases were during summer or early lactation. Dry cow therapy reduced rate of streptococcal infection during the early dry period but was without effect during the prepartum period. There was no effect of dry cow therapy on coliform infection rate during the dry period. Problems associated with prevalence and control of environmental mastitis were discussed.
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In the citing paper
“In general, older cows have a higher rate of clinical mastitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria compared with primiparous cows [55].”
From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“Duration of intramammary infections caused by K. pneumoniae average about 21 days [55].”
From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“The percentage distribution of Gram-negative bacteria causing clinical mastitis is herd dependant, but studies in the United States and Europe consistently report that appropriately 40% of clinical cases are the result of Gram-negative bacteria [25, 27, 55, 57].”
From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“Research has shown that 65% of coliform clinical cases that occur in the first two months of lactation are intramammary infections that originated during the dry period [55].”
From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“Rate of clinical cases caused by Gram-negative bacteria average approximately 20 cases per 100 cows per year in these studies.”
From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“Only about 10% of clinical coliform cases result in systemic signs including fever, anorexia, and altered respiration [25, 55].”
From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“Older cows calving during the summer months are commonly the population of animals at greatest risk to coliform clinical mastitis [55].”
From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“The use of antibiotics administered by intramammary or systemic routes for treating E. coli clinical cases is virtually useless because of the short duration of infections and high spontaneous cure rate [55].”
From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“Survey averages suggest that coliform bacteria are the culprits of 60 to 70% of peracute clinical cases [25, 55].”
From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“Recurrent or chronic E. coli infections have been reported as accounting a relatively small percentage of intramammary infections in survey herds [25, 55].”
From Coliform mastitis (2003) · cites this paper as [55]
Citations
Cites
A NOTE ON A LYTIC PHENOMENON SHOWN BY GROUP B STREPTOCOCCI
Christie, K., Atkins, N., & Munch‐Petersen, E. (1944) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/icb.1944.26 · Cited by 368
Introduction to Probability and Statistics
Tucker, A. C., Alder, H. L., Roessler, E. B., & Freeman, W. H. (1974) · The Two-Year College Mathematics Journal · doi:10.2307/3027418 · Cited by 340
Smith, K. L., Harrison, J. H., Hancock, D. D., Todhunter, D. A., & Conrad, H. R. (1984) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(84)81436-8 · Cited by 311
Self-citationEnvironmental Pathogens and Intramammary Infection During the Dry Period
Larry Smith, K., Todhunter, D. A., & Schoenberger, P. S. (1985) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)80838-9 · Cited by 246
Self-citationSusceptibility of Bovine Mammary Gland to Infections During the Dry Period
Oliver, S. P., & Mitchell, B. A. (1983) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(83)81913-4 · Cited by 142
408. Udder infections in the ‘dry period’. I
Neave, F. K., Dodd, F. H., & Henriques, E. (1950) · Journal of Dairy Research · doi:10.1017/s0022029900005628 · Cited by 139
The pathogenesis of experimental Escherichia coli mastitis in newly calved dairy cows
Hill, A. W., Shears, A. L., & Hibbitt, K. G. (1979) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/s0034-5288(20)30950-4 · Cited by 137
Natzke, R. P. (1981) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(81)82713-0 · Cited by 116
Microbial Populations of Teat Ends of Dairy Cows, and Bedding Materials
Rendos, J. J., Eberhart, R. J., & Kesler, E. M. (1975) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(75)84740-0 · Cited by 106
Introduction to Probability and Statistics.
Chatfield, C., & Mendenhall, W. M. (1972) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2344625 · Cited by 106
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Eberhart, 1975, Control of coliform mastitis. Seminar on Mastitis Control, Int. Dairy Fed. Bull. Doc., 85, 371
- Eberhart, 1977, Coliform mastitis, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 170, 1160, 10.2460/javma.1977.170.10.1160 · DOI
- Murphy, 1943, Infections of the bovine udder with coliform bacteria, Cornell Vet., 33, 61
- Smith, 1982, Diagnosis of coliform intramammary infection, J. Dairy Sci., 65, 170
- Smith, 1983, Relationship of stage of lactation and season of year to incidence of clinical mastitis caused by environmental pathogens, J. Dairy Sci., 66, 202
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Biology of Dairy Cows During the Transition Period: the Final Frontier?
Drackley, J. K. (1999) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(99)75474-3 · Cited by 1,962
Physiological Changes at Parturition and Their Relationship to Metabolic Disorders
Goff, J. P., & Horst, R. L. (1997) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(97)76055-7 · Cited by 1,152
A 100-Year Review: Mastitis detection, management, and prevention
Ruegg, P. L. (2017) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-13023 · Cited by 1,019
Physiology of Mastitis and Factors Affecting Somatic Cell Counts
Harmon, R. J. (1994) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(94)77153-8 · Cited by 997
Major Advances in Disease Prevention in Dairy Cattle
LeBlanc, S. J., Lissemore, K. D., Kelton, D. F., Duffield, T. F., & Leslie, K. E. (2006) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72195-6 · Cited by 586
Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, K. L., Todhunter, D. A., & Schoenberger, P. S.
- ORCID
- Smith, K.Larry
- Venue
- Journal of Dairy Science
- Publisher
- American Dairy Science Association
- Published
- 1985-06
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1531-1553
- ISSN
- 0022-0302 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1511204912
- Cited by
- 475
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 16.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Dairy Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Ohio State University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Milk Quality and Mastitis in Dairy Cows
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Keywords
- environmental mastitis, intramammary infection, coliform bacteria, Streptococcus, Streptococcus agalactiae, dairy cattle, dry period, parity, seasonal variation, bedding, dry cow therapy, clinical mastitis, mastitis prevention, total confinement
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cattle, Corynebacterium, Disinfection, Enterobacteriaceae, Environmental Microbiology, Female, Immunization, Lactation, Mammary Glands, Animal, Mastitis, Bovine, Ohio, Pregnancy, Seasons, Species Specificity, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus
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