The DOI matches its Crossref record.
A new model of diffuse brain injury in rats: Part I: Pathophysiology and biomechanics
Abstract
✓ This report describes the development of an experimental head injury model capable of producing diffuse brain injury in the rodent. A total of 161 anesthetized adult rats were injured utilizing a simple weight-drop device consisting of a segmented brass weight free-falling through a Plexiglas guide tube. Skull fracture was prevented by cementing a small stainless-steel disc on the calvaria. Two groups of rats were tested: Group 1, consisting of 54 rats, to establish fracture threshold; and Group 2, consisting of 107 animals, to determine the primary cause of death at severe injury levels. Data from Group 1 animals showed that a 450-gm weight falling from a 2-m height (0.9 kg-m) resulted in a mortality rate of 44% with a low incidence (12.5%) of skull fracture. Impact was followed by apnea, convulsions, and moderate hypertension. The surviving rats developed decortication flexion deformity of the forelimbs, with behavioral depression and loss of muscle tone. Data from Group 2 animals suggested that the cause of death was due to central respiratory depression; the mortality rate decreased markedly in animals mechanically ventilated during the impact. Analysis of mathematical models showed that this mass-height combination resulted in a brain acceleration of 900 G and a brain compression gradient of 0.28 mm. It is concluded that this simple model is capable of producing a graded brain injury in the rodent without a massive hypertensive surge or excessive brain-stem damage.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Unterberg, A. W., Stover, J., Kress, B., & Kiening, K. L. (2004) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.06.046 · Cited by 881
Free Radical Pathways in CNS Injury
LEWÉN, A., MATZ, P., & CHAN, P. H. (2000) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2000.17.871 · Cited by 759
Cernak, I. (2005) · NeuroRX · doi:10.1602/neurorx.2.3.410 · Cited by 462
The pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury at a glance
Prins, M., Greco, T., Alexander, D., & Giza, C. C. (2013) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.011585 · Cited by 426
Modulation of immune response by head injury
Morganti-Kossmann, M. C., Satgunaseelan, L., Bye, N., & Kossmann, T. (2007) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2007.10.005 · Cited by 412
Pierce, J. E. S., Smith, D. H., Trojanowski, J. Q., & McIntosh, T. K. (1998) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00142-0 · Cited by 385
Experimental models of traumatic brain injury: do we really need to build a better mousetrap?
Morales, D. M., Marklund, N., Lebold, D., Thompson, H. J., Pitkanen, A., Maxwell, W. L., Longhi, L., Laurer, H., Maegele, M., Neugebauer, E., et al. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.08.030 · Cited by 339
Recent advances in neurotrauma
Graham, D. I., McIntosh, T. K., Maxwell, W. L., & Nicoll, J. A. R. (2000) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/59.8.641 · Cited by 328
Mild head injury increasing the brain's vulnerability to a second concussive impact
Laurer, H. L., Bareyre, F. M., Lee, V. M. Y. C., Trojanowski, J. Q., Longhi, L., Hoover, R., Saatman, K. E., Raghupathi, R., Hoshino, S., Grady, M. S., et al. (2001) · Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.2001.95.5.0859 · Cited by 313
Pericyte Migration from the Vascular Wall in Response to Traumatic Brain Injury
Dore-Duffy, P., Owen, C., Balabanov, R., Murphy, S., Beaumont, T., & Rafols, J. A. (2000) · Microvascular Research · doi:10.1006/mvre.2000.2244 · Cited by 304
Contribution of edema and cerebral blood volume to traumatic brain swelling in head-injured patients
Marmarou, A., Fatouros, P. P., Barzó, P., Portella, G., Yoshihara, M., Tsuji, O., Yamamoto, T., Laine, F., Signoretti, S., Ward, J. D., et al. (2000) · Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.2000.93.2.0183 · Cited by 293
Self-citationNamjoshi, D. R., Cheng, W. H., McInnes, K. A., Martens, K. M., Carr, M., Wilkinson, A., Fan, J., Robert, J., Hayat, A., Cripton, P. A., et al. (2014) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/1750-1326-9-55 · Cited by 195
DeWitt, D. S., & Prough, D. S. (2003) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771503322385755 · Cited by 195
Sleep-Wake Disturbances After Traumatic Brain Injury: Synthesis of Human and Animal Studies
Sandsmark, D. K., Elliott, J. E., & Lim, M. M. (2017) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx044 · Cited by 183
Biological links between traumatic brain injury and Parkinson’s disease
Delic, V., Beck, K. D., Pang, K. C. H., & Citron, B. A. (2020) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-020-00924-7 · Cited by 165
Stone, J. R., Singleton, R. H., & Povlishock, J. T. (2000) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02485-9 · Cited by 132
The Inflammatory Continuum of Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer’s Disease
Kokiko-Cochran, O. N., & Godbout, J. P. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00672 · Cited by 128
BALDWIN, S. A., GIBSON, T., CALLIHAN, C. T., SULLIVAN, P. G., PALMER, E., & SCHEFF, S. W. (1997) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.1997.14.385 · Cited by 120
Bolton, A. N., & Saatman, K. E. (2014) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0000000000000115 · Cited by 86
Using anesthetics and analgesics in experimental traumatic brain injury
Rowe, R. K., Harrison, J. L., Thomas, T. C., Pauly, J. R., Adelson, P. D., & Lifshitz, J. (2013) · Lab Animal · doi:10.1038/laban.257 · Cited by 58
Shishido, H., Kishimoto, Y., Kawai, N., Toyota, Y., Ueno, M., Kubota, T., Kirino, Y., & Tamiya, T. (2016) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.06.066 · Cited by 38
Metadata
- Authors
- Marmarou, A., Foda, M. A. A.-E., Brink, W. V. D., Campbell, J., Kita, H., & Demetriadou, K.
- Venue
- Journal of Neurosurgery
- Published
- 1994-02
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 291-300
- ISSN
- 0022-3085 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2103044571
- Cited by
- 1,229
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 13.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
