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Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) and Endocrine Responses to Stress: CRF Receptors, Binding Protein, and Related Peptides
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a 41-amino acid neuropeptide, which is recognized as a critical mediator of complimentary, stress-related endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses in mammalian species. CRF belongs to a family of structurally related peptides including frogskin sauvagine and fish urotensin I. The effects of CRF and related peptides are mediated by two distinct receptors, which differ in their anatomical distribution, as well as in their pharmacological characteristics. In addition, CRF is bound with high affinity by a CRF binding protein (CRF-BP), which is a putative inhibitor of CRF action. CRF is probably not the sole endogenous ligand for CRF receptors or the CRF-BP, since a second mammalian member of the CRF family, urocortin, has recently been identified. This article describes recent findings with respect to CRF, its receptors, binding protein, and CRF-related peptides, which provide further insights into the role and mechanisms of CRF action in stress responses.
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“CRF is a 41 amino-acid residue peptide that plays a key role in orchestrating the endocrine, behavioral, and GI responses to stress (for review, see [327][328][329]).”
From Anxiety, depression, and the microbiome: A role for gut peptides (2018) · cites this paper as [328]
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Items 101–200 of 257
Ryabinin, A. E., Yoneyama, N., Tanchuck, M. A., Mark, G. P., & Finn, D. A. (2007) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.11.014 · Cited by 54
“…regions contain higher levels of CRFR1 than CRFR2 receptors, and one would expect stronger or equal effects of CRF than Ucn1 in these brain regions (Potter et al., 1994, Chalmers et al., 1995, Perrin et al., 1995, Turnbull and Rivier, 1997, Steckler and Holsboer, 1999, Fekete and Zorrilla, 2006).”
BackgroundMartı́nez, V., Rivier, J., & Taché, Y. (1999) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)34943-2 · Cited by 55
“pituitary adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) release is mediated primarily by CRF-R1 and the recent use of CRF-R1 knockout mice (Turnbull and Rivier, 1997; Smith et al., 1998; Timpl et al., 1998).”
Integrative role of neuropeptides and cytokines in cancer anorexia–cachexia syndrome
Patra, S. K., & Arora, S. (2012) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2011.12.008 · Cited by 55
Central urocortin activation of sympathetic-regulated energy metabolism in Wistar rats
Fanti, B. A. D., & Martínez, J. A. (2002) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)03401-1 · Cited by 54
Regulation of the Stress Response by Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptors
Hauger, R. L., & Dautzenberg, F. M. (2000) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-707-9_15 · Cited by 52
Campbell, S. N., Zhang, C., Monte, L., Roe, A. D., Rice, K. C., Taché, Y., Masliah, E., & Rissman, R. A. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-141281 · Cited by 51
“Although CRF is best known as the hypothalamic neuropeptide that governs the endocrine stress response [37], its distribution and actions in the CNS suggest a broad involvement in integrating hormonal, autonomic, and behavioral adaptations [38–41].”
BackgroundCorticotropin‐releasing factor, urocortin 1, and their receptors in the mouse spinal cord
Kőrösi, A., Kozicz, T., Richter, J., Veening, J. G., Olivier, B., & Roubos, E. W. (2007) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21347 · Cited by 48
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“Release of ACTH into the bloodstream is dependent upon activation of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptors on pituitary corticotrophs (Turnbull and Rivier, 1997).”
BackgroundFunctional expression of corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) receptor 1 in cultured rat microglia
Wang, W., Ji, P., Riopelle, R. J., & Dow, K. E. (2002) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.0022-3042.2001.00687.x · Cited by 46
Antalarmin blockade of corticotropin releasing hormone-induced hypertension in rats
Briscoe, R. J., Cabrera, C., Baird, T. J., Rice, K. C., & Woods, J. H. (2000) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02742-6 · Cited by 46
“…West Warwick, RI) and were mediated through an action on CRH1 or CRH2 receptors continuously monitored using a polygraph (Model 12RX, (but see Turnbull & Rivier, 1997 [11]; they suggest a Grass Instruments, West Warwick RI) for the duration of CRH2 receptor mechanism), or whether the…”
MethodIdentification of urocortin mRNA and peptide in the human endometrium
Florio, P., Arcuri, F., Ciarmela, P., Runci, Y., Romagnoli, R., Cintorino, M., Blasio, A. M. D., & Petraglia, F. (2002) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.173r009 · Cited by 45
“In fact, CRF and urocortin stimulate pituitary proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression (Vaughan et al. 1995, Turnbull and Rivier 1997, Asaba et al. 1998, Hsu and Hsueh 2001).”
BackgroundManuel, R., Metz, J. R., Flik, G., et al. (2014) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.04.010 · Cited by 45
“It is thought to prevent unwanted ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) release from the pituitary gland in response to high levels of circulating placenta-derived CRF (Behan et al., 1989; Orth and Mount, 1987).”
BackgroundDifferential involvement of amygdaloid CRH system(s) in the salience and valence of the stimuli
Merali, Z., Michaud, D. S., McIntosh, J. F., Kent, P., & Anisman, H. (2003) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.09.014 · Cited by 44
Simler, N., Grosfeld, A., Peinnequin, A., Guerre-Millo, M., & Bigard, A. X. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00289.2005 · Cited by 43
“These neuropeptides include CRH, mainly involved in the activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, and known to inhibit energy intake (47).”
BackgroundValverde, R. A., Seasholtz, A. F., Cortright, D. N., & Denver, R. J. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(00)00437-8 · Cited by 42
“The prevailing view is that CRH-BP modulates CRH biological activity by binding the peptide with high affinity, thus preventing its interaction with the CRH receptors (Linton et al., 1990; Turnbull and Rivier, 1997; Zhao et al., 1997).”
BackgroundKozicz, T., Arimura, A., Maderdrut, J. L., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.10403 · Cited by 43
“…Ucn possesses biological activities similar to those of CRF and urotensin I, and, like CRF, it plays an important role in modifying the efferent components of endocrine, autonomic, immune, and behavioral responses to stress (Turnbull et al., 1996; Turnbull and Rivier, 1997; Skelton et al., 2000b).”
BackgroundJüngling, K., Liu, X., Lesting, J., Coulon, P., Sosulina, L., Reinscheid, R. K., & Pape, H. (2012) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.226423 · Cited by 42
“…implications of CRF–NPS interactions in the brain stem Release of CRF is an initial step of a neuroendocrine cascade during activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which typically mediates physiological responses to stress (Turnbull & Rivier, 1997; Bale & Vale, 2004).”
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Stressin1-A, a Potent Corticotropin Releasing Factor Receptor 1 (CRF1)-Selective Peptide Agonist
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“For example, whereas oCRF, Ac-oCRF and oCRF(4-41) were equipotent in the rat dispersed anterior pituitary cell culture assay, oCRF(6-41) and oCRF(7-41) had 11% and 0.”
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“Urocortin exerts physiological/pharmacological effects similar to those produced by CRH, including the stimulation of ACTH release from the anterior pituitary (Turnbull and Rivier 1997).”
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“The anti-UCN1 serum had been generated in rabbits against rat UCN1 coupled by glutaraldehyde to human aglobulin , and the high specificity of the antiserum has been demonstrated [2] [40].”
Transgenic study of energy homeostasis equation: implications and confounding influences
Inui, A. (2000) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.00-0291rev · Cited by 38
“CRF and urocortin are bound by CRF-BP, a 37 kDa protein that binds both peptides with an affinity equal to or greater than the CRF receptors (101).”
Abiri, D., Douglas, C. E., Calakos, K. C., Barbayannis, G., Roberts, A. G., & Bauer, E. P. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.021 · Cited by 41
“It is released by neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to regulate pituitary ACTH secretion, thus triggering a key component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis [6].”
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Activation of Brain Somatostatin Signaling Suppresses CRF Receptor-Mediated Stress Response
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“Activation of CRF Signaling CRF expression is upregulated in the hypothalamus and the peptide released into the median eminence under conditions of stress leading to pituitary ACTH and subsequently adrenal glucocorticoid hormone release (cortisol in humans and corticosterone in rodents) (Turnbull and Rivier, 1997; Smi…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Corticotropin-Releasing Factor/Urocortin System and Alcohol
Ryabinin, A. E., Bachtell, R. K., Heinrichs, S. C., Lee, S., RIVIER, C. L., Olive, M. F., Mehmert, K. K., Camarini, R., Kim, J. A., Koenig, H. N., et al. (2002) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02596.x · Cited by 36
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“Even though, CRH-R1 expression in the PVN is up-regulated in several stressful conditions supposedly by CRH released into the PVNwhich in turn up-regulates PVN-CRH expression (Mansi et al., 1996; Imaki et al., 1996; Turnbull and Rivier, 1997), the mRNA levels of this receptor were unchanged.”
PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY
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“…of ACTH secretion are maintained in the absence of CRH, pharmacological studies and experiments with CRH and CRH receptor knock out mice have demonstrated that the peptide is indispensable for the responses to stress (Turnbull & Rivier, 1997; Venihaki & Majzoub, 1999; Turnbull, et al., 1999).”
BackgroundWater avoidance stress activates colonic myenteric neurons in female rats
Miampamba, M., Million, M., Yuan, P., Larauche, M. H., & Taché, Y. (2007) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e3280bef7f8 · Cited by 29
“These neurons release CRF into the hypophyseal portal blood which, in turn, activates CRF1 receptors located on the corticotroph cells in the anterior pituitary resulting in adrenocorticotropic hormone and bendorphin secretion and adrenal corticosterone release [14].”
BackgroundTurning the ′Tides on Neuropsychiatric Diseases: The Role of Peptides in the Prefrontal Cortex
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“Urocortin stimulates pituitary POMC gene expression[23,24,32] , and because the endometrium also expresses and secretes POMC [33] and -endorphin [34], urocortin may stimulate endometrial POMC-derived peptide secretion, as in placenta [30] and in the pituitary [23,24,32] .”
BackgroundPituitary CRH Receptor Blockade Reduces Waking in the Rat
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“Previous studies demonstrated that CRF and UCN I stimulate the HPA axis in rodents by activating CRFR1, which are expressed abundantly in the central nervous system (CNS), especially in the cerebral cortex and the anterior pituitary (Skelton et al., 2000; Turnbull and Rivier, 1997; Vale et al., 1981; Vaughan et al., 1…”
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The role of food intake regulating peptides in cardiovascular regulation
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“The effect of central administration of UCN I mimicks the effect of central administration of CRF, characterised by endocrine, autonomic and behavioral stress responses (Koob and Heinrichs, 1999; Turnbull and Rivier, 1997).”
Beglinger, C., & Degen, L. P. (2002) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.51.suppl_1.i45 · Cited by 20
“14 37 To date, two distinct CRF receptor subtypes, CRF 1 and CRF 2 , have been cloned and characterised from rat and human brains.”
BackgroundThe effect of urocortin on ingestive behaviours and brain Fos immunoreactivity in mice
Sinnayah, P., Blair-West, J. R., McBurnie, M. I., McKinley, M. J., Oldfield, B. J., Rivier, J., Vale, W., Walker, L., Weisinger, R. S., & Denton, D. A. (2003) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02760.x · Cited by 23
“Two of the main effects of UCN, i.e. stimulation of ACTH release and stimulation of sympathetic nervous system activity (Spina et al., 1996; Turnbull & Rivier, 1997; De Fanti & Martinez, 2002) are known to stimulate sodium intake (Denton et al., 1999; Thunhorst et al., 1996).”
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“Although corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is best recognized as the hypothalamic neuropeptide that governs the endocrine stress response [30, 31], its distribution and actions in the CNS are similar to that of a neuromodulator/neurotransmitter [32–34].”
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Corticotropin-releasing factor, neuroplasticity (sensitization), and alcoholism
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“CRF in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus controls the pituitary adrenal response to stress (2).”
BackgroundModulation of Sleep Homeostasis by Corticotropin Releasing Hormone in REM Sleep-Deprived Rats
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“…is responsible for the release of ACTH, and CRF1 receptor–selective antagonists inhibit the elevations of ACTH and corticosterone that are provoked by CRF administration and stress (Chalmers et al., 1996; De Souza, 1995; Dunn and Berridge 1990; Perrin and Vale, 1999; Turnbull and Rivier, 1997).”
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“The HPA axis is composed of three major structures: the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and the adrenal gland (Turnbull and Rivier, 1997; Zuloaga et al., 2015).”
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“CRF, however, also is expressed throughout several other brain regions of mammals suggesting that there are a variety of functions of this molecule [9].”
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“While the CRF1 signaling system in the brain is well established to orchestrate the endocrine, behavioral, and visceral responses to stress [27,43,48], growing anatomical and physiological evidence also supports an important role of the peripheral CRF2 signaling system within the viscera, namely the gut and heart [12,…”
BackgroundExpression of urocortin and its receptors in the rat epididymis
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“CRF binds to CRFR1 with higher affinity than to CRFR2, and UCN1 activates CRFR1 and CRFR2 with equal potencies, both being inactivated by CRFR-BP (Turnbull and Rivier, 1997).”
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“Released by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), it triggers a key component of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (Turnbull & Rivier, 1997).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Turnbull, A. V., & Rivier, C.
- Affiliations
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies (US)
- Venue
- Experimental Biology and Medicine
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 1997-05-01
- Volume
- 215
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-10
- ISSN
- 0071-3384 (ISSN-L)
- 1535-3702
- 1535-3699
- OpenAlex
- W2334462456
- Cited by
- 256
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 6.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Experimental Biology and Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH051774, NIMH51774)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDDK-26741)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01HD013527, NICHD-13527)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Keywords
- corticotropin-releasing factor, CRF receptors, CRF-binding protein, urocortin, stress response, endocrine stress response, sauvagine, urotensin I, neuropeptides, autonomic stress response, behavioral stress response
- MeSH terms
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Carrier Proteins, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Humans, Luteinizing Hormone, Molecular Sequence Data, Neuropeptides, Stress, Physiological, Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
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