Cited by 615Psychology of Social InfluenceDeception detection and forensic psychologyPsychological Testing and Assessment

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The Good-Subject Effect: Investigating Participant Demand Characteristics

Nichols, Austin Lee, Maner, Jon K.·2008·The Journal of General Psychology

DOI 10.3200/genp.135.2.151-166

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Abstract

Although researchers are often concerned with the presence of participant demand, few have directly examined effects of demand on participant behavior. Before beginning the present study, a confederate informed participants (N = 100) of the study's purported hypothesis. Participants then performed a laboratory task designed to evaluate the extent to which they would respond in ways that may confirm or disconfirm the hypothesis of the study. The authors found that participants tended to respond in ways that confirmed the hypothesis, yet this tendency depended on attitudes toward the experiment or experimenter and other individual differences. In addition, results suggested that suspicion probes may be ineffective in measuring participants' previous knowledge and suspicion. Findings indicate the need for more research and consideration of demand in the design of studies and analysis of data.

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Authors: Nichols, A. L., & Maner, J. K.
Affiliations: University of Florida (US)
Florida State University (US)
ORCID: Nichols, Austin Lee
Maner, Jon K.
Venue: The Journal of General Psychology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2008-04
Volume: 135
Issue: 2
Pages: 151-166
ISSN: 0022-1309 (ISSN-L)
1940-0888
DOI: 10.3200/genp.135.2.151-166
OpenAlex: W1982044027
Cited by: 615
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 42 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 11.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of General Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: demand characteristics, participant behavior, hypothesis confirmation, individual differences, participant knowledge
MeSH terms: Attitude, Cooperative Behavior, Helping Behavior, Humans, Individuality, Models, Psychological, Research Design, Research Subjects, Researcher-Subject Relations

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The Good-Subject Effect: Investigating Participant Demand Characteristics

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