Childhood trauma and subclinical PTSD symptoms predict adverse effects and worse outcomes across two mindfulness-based programs for active depression

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Within mindfulness-based programs, mixed results have been found for the role of childhood trauma as a moderator of depression outcomes.

“Within mindfulness-based programs (MBPs), mixed results have been found for the role of childhood trauma as a moderator of depression outcomes.”

• cites [9] D Joss, 2021, Clinical effects of mindfulness-based interventions for adults with a history of childhood maltreatment: a scoping review, Curr Treat Options Psychiatry sourceDisputed

  The Discussion (page unavailable) says that four MBCT studies comparing patients with and without childhood maltreatment histories suggest a better effect for maltreatment survivors in preventing recurrent depression. The MBCT section likewise describes studies finding that maltreatment moderated depression outcomes in that direction, rather than reporting mixed moderator results. (LLM, conf=0.79)

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [10] W Kuyken, 2015, Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy compared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in the prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence (PREVENT): a randomised controlled trial, Lancet sourcePartly supported

  The Results report a significant interaction between reported childhood abuse and treatment group for depressive relapse or recurrence. The Discussion describes a prior MBCT trial with a similar finding. These passages support childhood abuse as a potential moderator, but not the claim that findings about its moderating role across mindfulness-based programs have been mixed. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [11] SH Ma, 2004, Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: replication and exploration of differential relapse prevention effects, J Consult Clin Psychol sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [12] JM Williams, 2014, Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for preventing relapse in recurrent depression: a randomized dismantling trial, J Consult Clin Psychol sourcePartly supported

  The Results (Relapse to Major Depression; page unavailable) report a significant childhood-trauma-by-treatment interaction for depression relapse. The Discussion (Principal Findings; page unavailable) says MBCT reduced relapse risk for participants with more childhood trauma but not for those with less. This supports a moderating role in this trial, but the paper does not establish the broader claim of mixed findings across mindfulness-based programs. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Williams, Crane [12] reported an overall finding of no difference between MBCT, a cognitive-psychological intervention, or continuing treatment as usual.

“In the first dismantling study of MBCT, Williams, Crane [12] reported an overall finding of no difference between MBCT, a cognitive-psychological intervention, or continuing treatment as usual.”

• cites [12] JM Williams, 2014, Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for preventing relapse in recurrent depression: a randomized dismantling trial, J Consult Clin Psychol sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Based on an epidemiological study of US adults, half of individuals who had tried some form of meditation at least once reported at least one MRAE.

“The most valid and conservative estimates, based on an epidemiological study of US adults, found that half of individuals who had tried some form of meditation at least once reported at least one MRAE and that one in ten reported an MRAE that lasted more than one month or was associated with impairment in functioning [8].”

• cites [8] SB Goldberg, 2022, Prevalence of meditation-related adverse effects in a population-based sample in the United States, Psychother Res sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Kuyken, Hayes [10] found that a modified MBCT with antidepressant taper outperformed maintenance anti-depressants in preventing relapse, but only for a subgroup of individuals with high childhood trauma.

“Similarly, Kuyken, Hayes [10] also found that a modified MBCT with antidepressant taper outperformed maintenance anti-depressants in preventing relapse, but only for a subgroup of individuals with high childhood trauma.”

• cites [10] W Kuyken, 2015, Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy compared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in the prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence (PREVENT): a randomised controlled trial, Lancet sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

MRAEs with varying degrees of duration and impairment have been documented in the context of MBPs and in non-clinical settings.

“Though widely underreported and insufficiently monitored in meditation research [17, 18], MRAEs with varying degrees of duration and impairment have been documented in the context of MBPs [18–22] and in non-clinical settings [23–26].”

• cites [18] WB Britton, 2021, Defining and measuring meditation-related adverse effects in mindfulness-based programs, Clin Psychol Sci sourceSupported
• cites [19] M Farias, 2020, Adverse events in meditation practices and meditation-based therapies: a systematic review, Acta Psychiatr Scand sourceSupported
• cites [20] R Baer, 2021, Frequency of Self-reported Unpleasant Events and Harm in a Mindfulness-Based Program in Two General Population Samples, Mindfulness (N Y) sourceSupported
• cites [21] D Lambert, 2021, Adverse effects of meditation: A review of observational, experimental and case studies, Current Psychology sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [22] GB Taylor, 2022, The Adverse Effects of Meditation-Interventions and Mind–Body Practices: a Systematic Review, Mindfulness sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [23] J Lindahl, 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [24] MK Lustyk, 2009, Mindfulness meditation research: issues of participant screening, safety procedures, and researcher training, Advances in mind-body medicineNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [25] R Baer, 2019, Doing no harm in mindfulness-based programs: Conceptual issues and empirical findings, Clin Psychol Rev sourceSupported
• cites [26] L Pauly, 2021, Prevalence, predictors and types of unpleasant and adverse effects of meditation in regular meditators: international cross-sectional study, BJPsych Open sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Qualitative data from a study using MBCT as a treatment for active depression found that many individuals who had residual depression symptoms post-treatment had a history of childhood trauma, specifically sexual abuse or emotional neglect.

“Qualitative data from a study using MBCT as a treatment for active depression found that many individuals who had residual depression symptoms post-treatment had a history of childhood trauma, specifically sexual abuse or emotional neglect [13].”

• cites [13] A Finucane, 2006, An exploratory mixed methods study of the acceptability and effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for patients with active depression and anxiety in primary care, BMC Psychiatry sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

MBCT has increasingly been extended beyond its originally intended purpose of prophylaxis to be offered to populations with active affective disturbances.

“Increasingly, MBCT has been extended beyond its originally intended purpose of prophylaxis to be offered to populations with active affective disturbances [4].”

• cites [4] A Tickell, 2020, The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) in Real-World Healthcare Services, Mindfulness (N Y) sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Frequencies of MRAEs depend on how adverse effects are defined and measured, so frequency estimates range widely across studies.

“Because frequencies of MRAEs depend on how adverse effects are defined and measured, frequency estimates range widely across studies [18, 19].”

• cites [18] WB Britton, 2021, Defining and measuring meditation-related adverse effects in mindfulness-based programs, Clin Psychol Sci sourceSupported
• cites [19] M Farias, 2020, Adverse events in meditation practices and meditation-based therapies: a systematic review, Acta Psychiatr Scand sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Within an MBP, Britton, Lindahl [18] found that the number of participants who experienced MRAEs varied widely depending on the criteria used to define them, which included valence, impact, and duration.

“Within an MBP, Britton, Lindahl [18] found that the number of participants who experienced MRAEs varied widely depending on the criteria used to define them, which included valence, impact, and duration.”

• cites [18] WB Britton, 2021, Defining and measuring meditation-related adverse effects in mindfulness-based programs, Clin Psychol Sci sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

MBCT was designed to prevent relapse of major depression.

“Designed to prevent relapse of major depression [2], MBCT was developed particularly for individuals with a history of multiple prior depressive episodes in remission from active depression at the time of treatment [3].”

• cites [2] SB Goldberg, 2019, Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for the treatment of current depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis, Cogn Behav Ther sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Research has identified childhood trauma history as a possible risk factor for the occurrence of MRAEs.

“Research has identified childhood trauma history as a potential treatment moderator of interest [7], as well as a possible risk factor for the occurrence of MRAEs [8].”

• cites [8] SB Goldberg, 2022, Prevalence of meditation-related adverse effects in a population-based sample in the United States, Psychother Res sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Williams, Crane [12], a subgroup analysis showed that individuals with a history of childhood trauma were less likely to relapse if they received MBCT.

“However, a subgroup analysis showed that individuals with a history of childhood trauma were less likely to relapse if they received MBCT.”

• cites [12] JM Williams, 2014, Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for preventing relapse in recurrent depression: a randomized dismantling trial, J Consult Clin Psychol sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

MBCT was developed particularly for individuals with a history of multiple prior depressive episodes in remission from active depression at the time of treatment.

“Designed to prevent relapse of major depression [2], MBCT was developed particularly for individuals with a history of multiple prior depressive episodes in remission from active depression at the time of treatment [3].”

• cites [3] M McCartney, 2021, Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for prevention and time to depressive relapse: Systematic review and network meta-analysis, Acta Psychiatr Scand sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Based on an epidemiological study of US adults, one in ten reported an MRAE that lasted more than one month or was associated with impairment in functioning.

“The most valid and conservative estimates, based on an epidemiological study of US adults, found that half of individuals who had tried some form of meditation at least once reported at least one MRAE and that one in ten reported an MRAE that lasted more than one month or was associated with impairment in functioning [8].”

• cites [8] SB Goldberg, 2022, Prevalence of meditation-related adverse effects in a population-based sample in the United States, Psychother Res sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The MedEx-I is a structured interview designed to assess the presence of MRSE/MRAE.

“The MedEx-I [18] is a structured interview designed to assess the presence of MRSE/MRAE.”

• cites [18] WB Britton, 2021, Defining and measuring meditation-related adverse effects in mindfulness-based programs, Clin Psychol Sci sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Goldberg, Lam [8] found that respondents with a greater history of childhood trauma were more likely to have experienced at least one MRAE, a greater number of MRAE, and impairment due to meditation.

“For example, Goldberg, Lam [8] found that respondents with a greater history of childhood trauma were more likely to have experienced at least one MRAE, a greater number of MRAE, and impairment due to meditation [8].”

• cites [8] SB Goldberg, 2022, Prevalence of meditation-related adverse effects in a population-based sample in the United States, Psychother Res sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Britton, Lindahl [18], lasting bad effects occurred in 6-14% of the sample.

“While 83% of participants in Britton, Lindahl [18] experienced at least one meditation-related side effect (MRSE), defined as any unintended experience during or following meditation that was not the goal of treatment, experiences involving negative valence, negative impact, or lasting bad effects occurred in 58%, 37%, and 6–14% of the sample, respectively.”

• cites [18] WB Britton, 2021, Defining and measuring meditation-related adverse effects in mindfulness-based programs, Clin Psychol Sci sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Rates of negative valence and negative impact MRAEs were reported by 58% and 37% of the sample, respectively, while LBEs were reported by 6-14% of participants depending on their duration.

“Rates of negative valence and negative impact MRAEs were reported by 58% and 37% of the sample, respectively, while LBEs were reported by 6–14% of participants depending on their duration [18].”

• cites [18] WB Britton, 2021, Defining and measuring meditation-related adverse effects in mindfulness-based programs, Clin Psychol Sci sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Britton, Lindahl [18], experiences involving negative valence occurred in 58% of the sample.

“While 83% of participants in Britton, Lindahl [18] experienced at least one meditation-related side effect (MRSE), defined as any unintended experience during or following meditation that was not the goal of treatment, experiences involving negative valence, negative impact, or lasting bad effects occurred in 58%, 37%, and 6–14% of the sample, respectively.”

• cites [18] WB Britton, 2021, Defining and measuring meditation-related adverse effects in mindfulness-based programs, Clin Psychol Sci sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Britton, Lindahl [18], experiences involving negative impact occurred in 37% of the sample.

“While 83% of participants in Britton, Lindahl [18] experienced at least one meditation-related side effect (MRSE), defined as any unintended experience during or following meditation that was not the goal of treatment, experiences involving negative valence, negative impact, or lasting bad effects occurred in 58%, 37%, and 6–14% of the sample, respectively.”

• cites [18] WB Britton, 2021, Defining and measuring meditation-related adverse effects in mindfulness-based programs, Clin Psychol Sci sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The 'good subject effect' could have occurred as a result of demand characteristics, the 'hype' surrounding meditation research, and social desirability bias.

“Known as the “good subject effect,” this could have occurred as a result of demand characteristics, the “hype” surrounding meditation research, and social desirability bias [49, 50].”

• cites [49] AL Nichols, 2008, The good-subject effect: investigating participant demand characteristics, J Gen Psychol sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [50] NT Van Dam, 2018, Mind the Hype: A Critical Evaluation and Prescriptive Agenda for Research on Mindfulness and Meditation, Perspectives on Psychological Science sourcePartly supported

  Section III (page not available in our copy) says demand characteristics may affect responses to mindfulness measures and that social-desirability bias may be especially pronounced in mindfulness self-reports. It also describes hype in contemplative science, but does not connect that hype specifically to the claimed “good subject effect.” (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Although some hyperaroused states could result in negative impacts and/or be constitutive of LBEs, most instances did not result in prolonged impairment and some may have contributed to positive participant outcomes.

“Although some hyperaroused states could result in negative impacts and/or be constitutive of LBEs (e.g., traumatic reexperiencing, anxiety and panic, insomnia, agitation), most instances did not result in prolonged impairment and some may have contributed to positive participant outcomes [18].”

• cites [18] WB Britton, 2021, Defining and measuring meditation-related adverse effects in mindfulness-based programs, Clin Psychol Sci sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These findings are in line with established research on relationships between altered or dissociative states of consciousness and a history of childhood trauma and/or current trauma symptoms.

“These findings are in line with established research on relationships between altered or dissociative states of consciousness and a history of childhood trauma and/or current trauma symptoms [27, 51–53].”

• cites [27] RA Lanius, 2015, Trauma-related dissociation and altered states of consciousness: a call for clinical, treatment, and neuroscience research, Eur J Psychotraumatol sourceSupported
• cites [51] PA Frewen, 2017, Trauma-related altered states of consciousness (TRASC) in an online community sample: Further support for the 4-D model of trauma-related dissociation, Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [52] FM Corrigan, 2011, Autonomic dysregulation and the Window of Tolerance model of the effects of complex emotional trauma, J Psychopharmacol sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [53] PA Frewen, 2006, Toward a psychobiology of posttraumatic self-dysregulation: reexperiencing, hyperarousal, dissociation, and emotional numbing, Ann N Y Acad Sci sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The body awareness component of meditation could lead to an amplification of affective states and emotional arousal that is mediated by body awareness and activation of the insular cortex.

“In the second pathway, the body awareness component of meditation could lead to an amplification of affective states and emotional arousal that is mediated by body awareness and activation of the insular cortex [54, 56, 57].”

• cites [54] JR Lindahl, 2022, Fear and Terror in Buddhist Meditation, Journal of Cognitive Historiography sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [56] V Engert, 2017, Specific reduction in cortisol stress reactivity after social but not attention-based mental training, Sci Adv sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) says meditation may sharpen interoception and reports increased body awareness after training. It does not say that body awareness amplifies affective states or emotional arousal, or that activation of the insular cortex mediates such an effect. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [57] WB Britton, 2019, Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way, Curr Opin Psychol sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Childhood trauma predicts poorer outcomes in MBCT treatment for active depression yet better outcomes when MBCT is used as a relapse prevention program in remitted individuals who are not currently depressed.

“Such findings indicate that childhood trauma predicts poorer outcomes in MBCT treatment for active depression [13, 14] yet better outcomes when MBCT is used as a relapse prevention program in remitted individuals who are not currently depressed [11, 12].”

• cites [13] A Finucane, 2006, An exploratory mixed methods study of the acceptability and effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for patients with active depression and anxiety in primary care, BMC Psychiatry sourcePartly supported

  The citation to this paper is attached to the active-depression clause, not the separate relapse-prevention clause. In Discussion > Interpreting the findings (page unavailable), the paper says participants with significant post-course depression symptoms tended to have histories of unresolved trauma, including childhood sexual abuse and early emotional neglect. That observation supports an association, but the exploratory study does not establish that childhood trauma predicts poorer MBCT outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [14] SJ Eisendrath, 2016, A Randomized Controlled Trial of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression, Psychother Psychosom sourcePartly supported

  The Results report that higher childhood emotional-abuse scores were associated with poorer response and remission in this active-depression trial. However, emotional abuse was the only childhood-trauma subscale with a significant association, and it did not predict outcomes differently for MBCT versus the control treatment. The relapse-prevention clause is attributed to other citations, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [11] SH Ma, 2004, Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: replication and exploration of differential relapse prevention effects, J Consult Clin Psychol sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [12] JM Williams, 2014, Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for preventing relapse in recurrent depression: a randomized dismantling trial, J Consult Clin Psychol sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The insula is related to body awareness and associated with both mindfulness training and traumatic re-experiencing.

“The insula is related to body awareness and associated with both mindfulness training [58–60], and traumatic re-experiencing [61–63].”

• cites [58] NA Farb, 2010, Minding one’s emotions: mindfulness training alters the neural expression of sadness, Emotion sourceSupported
• cites [59] BK Holzel, 2011, Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density, Psychiatry Res sourceSupported
• cites [60] KC Fox, 2016, Functional neuroanatomy of meditation: A review and meta-analysis of 78 functional neuroimaging investigations, Neurosci Biobehav Rev sourceSupported
• cites [61] RA Lanius, 2004, The nature of traumatic memories: a 4-T FMRI functional connectivity analysis, Am J Psychiatry sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [62] EA Osuch, 2001, Regional cerebral blood flow correlated with flashback intensity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, Biol Psychiatry sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [63] MG Whalley, 2013, An fMRI investigation of posttraumatic flashbacks, Brain Cogn sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Since negative affective states are a characteristic of PTSD and are more common among individuals with a history of childhood trauma, a meditation-related amplification of such states could result in a relationship between trauma history and meditation-related hyperarousal.

“Since negative affective states are a characteristic of PTSD and are more common among individuals with a history of childhood trauma [64], a meditation-related amplification of such states could result in a relationship between trauma history and meditation-related hyperarousal.”

• cites [64] H Guiney, 2024, Childhood sexual abuse and pervasive problems across multiple life domains: Findings from a five-decade study, Dev Psychopathol sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Dissociation could occur as a defensive response to overwhelming emotional states that arise during meditation.

“A third but not mutually exclusive pathway leading from meditation to dissociation is that dissociation could occur as a defensive response to overwhelming emotional states that arise during meditation [27], such as those discussed previously in relation to somato-affective amplification and a meditation-related overemphasis on nonconceptual sensory awareness [54, 57].”

• cites [27] RA Lanius, 2015, Trauma-related dissociation and altered states of consciousness: a call for clinical, treatment, and neuroscience research, Eur J Psychotraumatol sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract describes dissociation as a defense against overwhelming traumatic experience and its associated emotional distress. It does not establish that overwhelming emotions arising during meditation trigger dissociation; the Clinical applications section instead discusses body-scan meditation as a way to help people overcome emotional numbing. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Emotional blunting through excessive prefrontal control of the limbic system within meditation practice is a proposed pathway for how meditation could lead to hypoarousal and dissociation.

“As with hyperarousal, two primary pathways have been proposed: 1) depersonalization through the cultivation of a detached self-perspective (e.g., decentering) within meditation practice and 2) emotional blunting through excessive prefrontal control of the limbic system within meditation practice.”

• cites Britton [57] WB Britton, 2019, Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way, Curr Opin Psychol sourcePartly supported

  In “Emotion regulation and prefrontal control” (page unavailable), the paper says high prefrontal control of the amygdala can be associated with emotional blunting and dissociation, and reports these effects in some meditators. This supports the proposed pathway to dissociation, but the passage does not identify hypoarousal as an outcome of that pathway. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Depersonalization through the cultivation of a detached self-perspective (e.g., decentering) within meditation practice is a proposed pathway for how meditation could lead to hypoarousal and dissociation.

“As with hyperarousal, two primary pathways have been proposed: 1) depersonalization through the cultivation of a detached self-perspective (e.g., decentering) within meditation practice and 2) emotional blunting through excessive prefrontal control of the limbic system within meditation practice.”

• cites Britton [57] WB Britton, 2019, Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way, Curr Opin Psychol sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Overtraining may lead to dissociation in some people.

“Though both of these well-documented processes are typically framed as leading to beneficial effects, overtraining may lead to dissociation in some people [57].”

• cites [57] WB Britton, 2019, Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way, Curr Opin Psychol sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In an adaptation of MBCT for adult-onset PTSD, meditation periods were no longer than 20 minutes and PTSD symptoms were discussed in class.

“For example, in an adaptation of MBCT for adult-onset PTSD, meditation periods were no longer than 20 minutes and PTSD symptoms were discussed in class [72].”

• cites [72] AP King, 2013, A pilot study of group mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) for combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Depress Anxiety sourcePartly supported

  The Methods > Procedure passage says the adaptation shortened in-session and home meditation from 45 to 15–20 minutes and included discussion of patients’ PTSD symptoms in session. The study concerns combat-related PTSD in veterans; our copy does not characterize the adaptation as one for adult-onset PTSD generally. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

According to dual representation theory, traumatic memories are characterized by an imbalance between sensory representations and contextual representations, such that sensory components are increased at the expense of the memory's contextualization and narrative.

“According to dual representation theory [65], traumatic memories are characterized by an imbalance between sensory representations and contextual representations, such that sensory components (body sensations, emotions, images, smells) are increased at the expense of the memory’s contextualization and narrative.”

• cites [65] CR Brewin, 2010, Intrusive images in psychological disorders: characteristics, neural mechanisms, and treatment implications, Psychol Rev sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Trauma-related dissociative states are less common than states involving hyperarousal.

“Trauma-related dissociative states are less common than states involving hyperarousal and are believed to function as a way of escaping overwhelming levels of distress [27, 51].”

• cites [27] RA Lanius, 2015, Trauma-related dissociation and altered states of consciousness: a call for clinical, treatment, and neuroscience research, Eur J Psychotraumatol sourcePartly supported

  The Summary of the 4-D model hypothesizes that trauma-related dissociative states are less common than presentations of normal waking consciousness. The Dimension of body places hyperarousal within normal waking consciousness, but the paper does not specifically say that dissociative states are less common than hyperarousal states. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [51] PA Frewen, 2017, Trauma-related altered states of consciousness (TRASC) in an online community sample: Further support for the 4-D model of trauma-related dissociation, Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recent MBPs administered to trauma populations have successfully implemented trauma-sensitive modifications.

“Recent MBPs administered to trauma populations have successfully implemented such modifications.”

• cites [72] AP King, 2013, A pilot study of group mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) for combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Depress Anxiety sourceSupported
• cites [16] E Kimbrough, 2010, Mindfulness intervention for child abuse survivors, J Clin Psychol sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Trauma-related dissociative states are believed to function as a way of escaping overwhelming levels of distress.

“Trauma-related dissociative states are less common than states involving hyperarousal and are believed to function as a way of escaping overwhelming levels of distress [27, 51].”

• cites [27] RA Lanius, 2015, Trauma-related dissociation and altered states of consciousness: a call for clinical, treatment, and neuroscience research, Eur J Psychotraumatol sourceSupported
• cites [51] PA Frewen, 2017, Trauma-related altered states of consciousness (TRASC) in an online community sample: Further support for the 4-D model of trauma-related dissociation, Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Total childhood trauma, childhood emotional abuse, and subclinical PTSD symptoms predicted lasting MRAE.

“Finally, multiple forms of childhood trauma and PTSD symptoms predicted MRSE, while total childhood trauma, childhood emotional abuse, and subclinical PTSD symptoms predicted lasting MRAE.”

May combine two claims.

Childhood trauma led to worse depression outcomes across both study 1 and study 2, such that total childhood trauma and childhood sexual abuse were significant predictors across both studies.

“Childhood trauma led to worse depression outcomes across both study 1 and study 2, such that total childhood trauma and childhood sexual abuse were significant predictors across both studies.”

May combine two claims.

On average, QIDS depression scores decreased 2.87 points (SD = 3.72) from pre to post treatment and 3.03 points (SD = 4.30) from baseline to three-month-follow-up.

“On average, QIDS depression scores decreased 2.87 points (SD = 3.72) from pre to post treatment and 3.03 points (SD = 4.30) from baseline to three-month-follow-up.”

May combine two claims.

CTQ total, CTQ sexual abuse, and CTQ emotional neglect significantly predicted intervention-related changes in QIDS, but not IDS, depression scores.

“Results indicate that CTQ total (p < .05), CTQ sexual abuse (p < .05), and CTQ emotional neglect (p < .05) significantly predicted intervention-related changes in QIDS, but not IDS, depression scores.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One participant (Age 59, F) described a distressing experience during a guided focused attention meditation that was very triggering due to a history of sexual abuse, causing her to stop.

““It was that horrible one with the fingers. It was using your hands as an anchor. […] That was very triggering for me. I have a history of sexual abuse, and during that one I had to stop it. Because…I…felt…very trapped. And that was really…distressing, so I stopped.” (Age 59, F)”

May combine two claims.

Despite this overall improvement, six participants (6% of sample) increased in IDS-C depression scores pre-to-post treatment, while zero did not change.

“Despite this overall improvement, six participants (6% of sample) increased in IDS-C depression scores pre-to-post treatment, while zero did not change.”

May combine two claims.

Both QIDS and IDS depression scores significantly improved across the time points measured (ps < .0001).

“Both QIDS and IDS depression scores significantly improved across the time points measured (ps < .0001).”

May combine two claims.

At three-month-follow-up, 6 participants (7%) had no change from baseline and 16 participants (17%) increased in QIDS depression scores relative to baseline.

“Similarly, at three-month-follow-up, 6 participants (7%) had no change from baseline and 16 participants (17%) increased in QIDS depression scores relative to baseline.”

May combine two claims.

Only 15% of the sample met criteria for current subclinical PTSD, while 95% of the sample endorsed at least one category of childhood trauma.

“While only 15% of the sample met criteria for current subclinical PTSD, 95% of the sample endorsed at least one category of childhood trauma.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants had mild to severe levels of depression symptoms, with a wide range of previous episodes, and a third of the sample on antidepressant medication.

“As displayed in Table 3, participants had mild to severe levels of depression symptoms, with a wide range of previous episodes, and a third of the sample on antidepressant medication.”

May combine two claims.

Despite the overall improvement, 10 participants (11%) had no change and 14 participants (15%) increased in QIDS depression scores pre-to-post treatment.

“However, despite the overall improvement, 10 participants (11%) had no change and 14 participants (15%) increased in QIDS depression scores pre-to-post treatment.”

May combine two claims.

At three-month-follow-up, one participant (1%) did not change from baseline, while five participants (5% of sample) increased in IDS-C depression scores relative to baseline.

“At three-month-follow-up, one participant (1%) did not change from baseline, while five participants (5% of sample) increased in IDS-C depression scores relative to baseline.”

May combine two claims.

All trauma variables significantly predicted a greater number of MRSE and all trauma variables except for physical abuse significantly predicted a greater number of negative valence MRAEs.

“As described in Table 4, all trauma variables significantly predicted a greater number of MRSE and all trauma variables except for physical abuse significantly predicted a greater number of negative valence MRAEs.”

May combine two claims.

Treatment type did not significantly explain any of the variance in depression outcomes and explained ≤ 1% of the variance in MRSE and MRAE variable.

“Treatment type did not significantly explain any of the variance in depression outcomes and explained ≤ 1% of the variance in MRSE and MRAE variable.”

May combine two claims.

CTQ total significantly increased the odds of LBE > day, subclinical PTSD significantly increased the odds of LBE > day and LBE > week, and CTQ emotional abuse significantly increased the odds LBE > day, LBE > week, and LBE > month.

“As displayed in Table 5, CTQ total significantly increased the odds of LBE > day, subclinical PTSD significantly increased the odds of LBE > day and LBE > week, and CTQ emotional abuse significantly increased the odds LBE > day, LBE > week, and LBE > month.”

May combine two claims.

Study 2 also found that childhood trauma and/or subclinical PTSD symptoms were predictive of MRSEs, MRAEs, LBEs, and participant dropout.

“Study 2 also found that childhood trauma and/or subclinical PTSD symptoms were predictive of MRSEs, MRAEs, LBEs, and participant dropout.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A third participant (Age 19, F) shared that using noting practices during periods of anxiety amplified her anxious feelings, leading her to choose a different practice.

““I think when I do experience anxiety and I try to note through it, it’s kind of like a positive feedback loop and it just…makes me more anxious. During those times, I try to focus my meditation on other things that are going on besides my body, [and] I try to [use hearing and seeing as anchors].” (Age 19, F)”

May combine two claims.

In Study 2, childhood sexual abuse was also associated with greater attrition and a greater occurrence of MRSE, negative valence MRAEs, and negative impact MRAEs.

“In study 2, it was also associated with greater attrition and a greater occurrence of MRSE, negative valence MRAEs, and negative impact MRAEs, indicating that it had a direct negative interaction with meditation practice.”

May combine two claims.

Specifically, childhood sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and CTQ total score were associated with less improvement or worsening in self-reported depression symptoms throughout the intervention and follow-up period.

“Specifically, childhood sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and CTQ total score were associated with less improvement or worsening in self-reported depression symptoms throughout the intervention and follow-up period.”

May combine two claims.

Experiences categorized as MRSE were not necessarily distressing and experiences categorized as negative valence MRAE were not necessarily impairing.

“It is important to note that experiences categorized as MRSE were not necessarily distressing and experiences categorized as negative valence MRAE were not necessarily impairing.”

May combine two claims.

Specifically, nearly all trauma variables included in this study were predictive of a greater occurrence of MRSEs and negative valence MRAEs, while total childhood trauma, childhood emotional abuse, sexual abuse, current subclinical PSTD, and past PTSD were predictive of negative impact MRAEs and/or LBEs.

“Specifically, nearly all trauma variables included in this study were predictive of a greater occurrence of MRSEs and negative valence MRAEs, while total childhood trauma, childhood emotional abuse, sexual abuse, current subclinical PSTD, and past PTSD were predictive of negative impact MRAEs and/or LBEs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Another participant (Age 58, F) described intrusive traumatic memories arising during meditation, including uncomfortable feelings, memories, and emotions.

““I did find…uncomfortable feelings, memories, emotions coming up. The first time, it was very much a surprise…just sitting there and noting and hearing, and then all of a sudden something would pop into my head, and I’d get tearful and my palms might get sweaty.” (Age 58, F)”

May combine two claims.

Childhood trauma and past and current PTSD symptoms may also be associated with MRSE and MRAE.

“Childhood trauma and past and current PTSD symptoms may also be associated with MRSE and MRAE, such that childhood emotional abuse and current subclinical PTSD symptoms are likely to be most associated with LBEs.”

May combine two claims.

Childhood trauma, especially childhood sexual abuse, may be associated with worse depression outcomes and increased attrition in MBPs for active depression.

“In summary, the present studies suggest that childhood trauma, especially childhood sexual abuse, may be associated with worse depression outcomes and increased attrition in MBPs for active depression.”

May combine two claims.

More subtle forms of trauma still predicted overall outcomes, MRAEs and attrition.

“On the other hand, participants with active PTSD were screened out within both of the present studies but more subtle forms of trauma still predicted overall outcomes, MRAEs and attrition.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These findings suggest benefits in preventing relapse among individuals with histories of childhood trauma and low levels of current depression.

“These findings suggest benefits in preventing relapse among individuals with histories of childhood trauma and low levels of current depression.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

MBCT is an evidence-based treatment for the prevention of recurrent depression that combines cognitive behavioral therapy with mindfulness meditation practice.

“Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is an evidence-based treatment for the prevention of recurrent depression that combines cognitive behavioral therapy with mindfulness meditation practice [1].”

• cites [1] ZV Segal, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Research has identified childhood trauma history as a potential treatment moderator of interest.

“Research has identified childhood trauma history as a potential treatment moderator of interest [7], as well as a possible risk factor for the occurrence of MRAEs [8].”

• cites [7] V Nanni, 2012, Childhood maltreatment predicts unfavorable course of illness and treatment outcome in depression: a meta-analysis, Am J Psychiatry sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ma and Teasdale [11] found that MBCT was more effective at reducing depression relapse among individuals with higher levels of childhood trauma.

“Ma and Teasdale [11] found that MBCT was more effective at reducing depression relapse among individuals with higher levels of childhood trauma.”

• cites [11] SH Ma, 2004, Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: replication and exploration of differential relapse prevention effects, J Consult Clin Psychol sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Childhood trauma and PTSD symptoms may lead to worse outcomes and a greater occurrence of adverse effects within MBPs for active depression.

“Childhood trauma and PTSD symptoms may lead to worse outcomes and a greater occurrence of adverse effects within MBPs for active depression.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several studies have demonstrated significant reduction in depression symptoms after an MBP in samples with PTSD or childhood trauma.

“While several studies have demonstrated significant reduction in depression symptoms after an MBP in samples with PTSD [15] or childhood trauma [16], few studies have examined childhood trauma specifically as a moderator of active depression outcomes.”

• cites [15] DJ Kearney, 2012, Association of participation in a mindfulness program with measures of PTSD, depression and quality of life in a veteran sample, J Clin Psychol sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [16] E Kimbrough, 2010, Mindfulness intervention for child abuse survivors, J Clin Psychol sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

No differences were found between treatment groups or completers vs. non-completers on age, sex, use of antidepressant medication, depression severity, or previous months of depression (p < .05).

“No differences were found between treatment groups or completers vs. non-completers on age, sex, use of antidepressant medication, depression severity, or previous months of depression (p < .05).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The primary regression analyses were powered at .81 to detect an effect of .4 (small-medium effect).

“The primary regression analyses were powered at .81 to detect an effect of .4 (small-medium effect).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Seven participants dropped out before study completion (3 from MBCT, 4 from waitlist control).

“Seven participants dropped out before study completion (3 from MBCT, 4 from waitlist control).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The IDS-C was administered by graduate-level research assistants trained by PhD-level clinicians and met high inter-rater reliability (κs at week 0, week 8, and week 20 = 0.89, 0.93, 0.94, respectively).

“The IDS-C was administered by graduate-level research assistants who were trained by PhD-level clinicians and met high inter-rater reliability (κs at week 0, week 8, and week 20 = 0.89, 0.93, 0.94, respectively).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The CTQ is a validated 28-item self-report inventory measuring experiences of abuse and neglect during childhood and adolescence.

“The CTQ is a validated 28-item self-report inventory measuring experiences of abuse and neglect during childhood and adolescence [34].”

• cites [34] DP Bernstein, 1994, Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect, Am J Psychiatry sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This registered clinical trial (clinicaltrials.gov #NCT01831362) was conducted at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, between November 1st, 2012 and March 31st, 2016.

“This registered clinical trial (clinicaltrials.gov #NCT01831362) was conducted at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, between November 1st, 2012 and March 31st, 2016.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Missing data due to participant attrition were excluded from analyses when predicting ΔBDI, while prediction of participant attrition included the entire sample.

“Missing data due to participant attrition were excluded from analyses when predicting ΔBDI, while prediction of participant attrition included the entire sample.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Both the IDS and QIDS were included because research indicates that self-reported and clinician administered depression measures often produce differing effect sizes in psychotherapy outcomes research.

“Both the IDS and QIDS were included in the present study due to research indicating that self-reported and clinician administered depression measures often produce differing effect sizes in psychotherapy outcomes research [42].”

• cites [42] P Cuijpers, 2010, Self-reported versus clinician-rated symptoms of depression as outcome measures in psychotherapy research on depression: a meta-analysis, Clin Psychol Rev sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

All three interventions were matched for duration and format.

“All three interventions were matched for duration and format (e.g., class size, number of handouts, minutes of meditation).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The BDI is a 21-item self-report measure of depression symptoms (α = .81 pre-treatment, .90 post-treatment).

“The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item self-report measure of depression symptoms (α = .81 pre-treatment, .90 post-treatment).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The CTQ subscales had internal consistencies: Physical Abuse α = .79, Emotional Abuse α = .86, Sexual Abuse α = .95, Physical Neglect α = .71, Emotional Neglect α = .93, and total score α = .85.

“The questionnaire is composed of five 5-item subscales: Physical Abuse (α = .79), Emotional Abuse (α = .86), Sexual Abuse (α = .95), Physical Neglect (α = .71), and Emotional Neglect (α = .93), which combine to form a total score (α = .85) that reflects overall abuse and neglect history.”

May combine two claims.

Participants with greater levels of CTQ total, CTQ sexual abuse, and CTQ emotional neglect improved less or worsened as a result of the intervention, as measured by self-reported QIDS (but not the clinician-administered IDS) depression scores.

“Participants with greater levels of CTQ total, CTQ sexual abuse, and CTQ emotional neglect improved less or worsened as a result of the intervention, as measured by self-reported QIDS (but not the clinician-administered IDS) depression scores.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The SCID-IV is a structured clinical interview for establishing DSM-IV diagnoses.

“The SCID-IV [31] is a structured clinical interview for establishing DSM-IV diagnoses.”

• cites [31] MB First, 2004, The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II)Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The QIDS is a 16-item (α = .72) self-report questionnaire designed to measure the presence and severity of the nine characteristic symptoms of a major depressive episode as defined by the DSM-IV.

“The QIDS is a 16-item (α = .72) self-report questionnaire designed to measure the presence and severity of the nine characteristic symptoms of a major depressive episode as defined by the DSM-IV [40].”

• cites [40] AJ Rush, 2003, The 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): a psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression, Biol Psychiatry sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A total of 104 participants were cluster randomized into nine groups, three for each of the three treatments (MBCT, FA, and OM).

“A total of 104 participants were cluster randomized into nine groups, three for each of the three treatments (MBCT, FA, and OM).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Associations between CTQ-BAS variables and pre-post trial ΔBDI were tested in multiple linear regression while controlling for treatment condition.

“Associations between CTQ-BAS variables and pre-post trial ΔBDI were tested in multiple linear regression while controlling for treatment condition (MBCT or waitlist) to account for treatment effects.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The trial was approved and supervised by the Brown University Institutional Review Board (#1105000399), an independent Data Safety Monitoring Board and the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health's Office of Clinical and Regulatory Affairs.

“It was approved and supervised by the Brown University Institutional Review Board (#1105000399), an independent Data Safety Monitoring Board and the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health’s Office of Clinical and Regulatory Affairs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Zhu, Wekerle [28] found that childhood trauma predicted participants' difficulty attending to their breath in a study of college students.

“This study found that childhood trauma predicted participants’ difficulty attending to their breath.”

• cites [28] J Zhu, 2019, Trauma- and Stressor-Related History and Symptoms Predict Distress Experienced during a Brief Mindfulness Meditation Sitting: Moving toward Trauma-Informed Care in Mindfulness-Based Therapy, Mindfulness sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Eight participants dropped out of the study after randomization.

“Eight participants dropped out of the study after randomization (see S2 File for more detail).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A total of 52 participants were randomized to the MBCT program (N = 29) or waitlist control (N = 23).

“A total of 52 participants were randomized to the MBCT program (N = 29) or waitlist control (N = 23).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Subscale interaction effects were not possible to calculate due to sample limitations.

“The interaction effect between CTQ-BAS total and treatment condition was non-significant (b = 0.79, 95% CI: -1.49, 3.072, p = .488), while subscale interaction effects were not possible to calculate due to sample limitations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Participants were randomly assigned to either a standard MBCT intervention or two single component variants: a focused attention (FA) intervention, or an open monitoring (OM) intervention.

“This study was part of a larger dismantling study in which participants were randomly assigned to either a standard MBCT intervention or two single component variants: a focused attention (FA) intervention, or an open monitoring (OM) intervention.”

May combine two claims.

Virtually all of the trauma variables in Study 2 were associated with these variables, indicating that childhood trauma, past PTSD diagnoses, and current subclinical PTSD symptoms are associated with states of meditation-related hyperarousal and emotional distress.

“Virtually all of the trauma variables in study 2 were associated with these variables, indicating that childhood trauma, past PTSD diagnoses, and current subclinical PTSD symptoms are associated with states of meditation-related hyperarousal and emotional distress.”

May combine two claims.

One study comparing MBCT to treatment as usual for actively depressed individuals found that childhood trauma was associated with worse depression symptoms at follow-up across both groups, but that this effect was lessened in the MBCT group compared to the treatment as usual group.

“However, in contrast, one study comparing MBCT to treatment as usual for actively depressed individuals found that childhood trauma was associated with worse depression symptoms at follow-up across both groups, but that this effect was lessened in the MBCT group compared to the treatment as usual group [44].”

• cites [44] J Michalak, 2016, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and a Group Version of the Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy for Chronic Depression: Follow-Up Data of a Randomized Controlled Trial and the Moderating Role of Childhood Adversities, Psychother Psychosom sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This replicates the findings of Zhu, Wekerle [28], who found that both trauma history and trauma-related symptoms predicted distressing experiences and traumatic reexperiencing as occurring during meditation practice.

“This replicates the findings of Zhu, Wekerle [28], who found that both trauma history and trauma-related symptoms predicted distressing experiences and traumatic reexperiencing as occurring during meditation practice.”

• cites [28] J Zhu, 2019, Trauma- and Stressor-Related History and Symptoms Predict Distress Experienced during a Brief Mindfulness Meditation Sitting: Moving toward Trauma-Informed Care in Mindfulness-Based Therapy, Mindfulness sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

PTSD has been conceptualized as fundamentally a disorder of affect arousal regulation, such that dysregulated arousal can lead to altered or dissociative states.

“Within this literature, PTSD has been conceptualized as fundamentally a disorder of affect arousal regulation [53], such that dysregulated arousal can lead to altered or dissociative states.”

• cites [53] PA Frewen, 2006, Toward a psychobiology of posttraumatic self-dysregulation: reexperiencing, hyperarousal, dissociation, and emotional numbing, Ann N Y Acad Sci sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Individuals with active depression and a history of childhood trauma had worse MBP depression treatment outcomes, consistent with the pattern of previous findings.

“That individuals with active depression and a history of childhood trauma had worse MBP depression treatment outcomes is consistent with the pattern of previous findings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).

Meditation is hypothesized to lead to increased arousal through its effects on sustained attention and the overlap between the neural processes underlying attention and arousal.

“Through the first pathway, meditation is hypothesized to lead to increased arousal through its effects on sustained attention and the overlap between the neural processes underlying attention and arousal [54].”

• cites [54] JR Lindahl, 2022, Fear and Terror in Buddhist Meditation, Journal of Cognitive Historiography sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Trauma and meditation may interact through at least two main arousal-related pathways: hyperarousal (or traumatic reexperiencing) and hypoarousal (or dissociation).

“Although participants endorsed a wide range of side effects and adverse effects within study 2, each of which may have their own specific mechanisms, trauma and meditation may interact through at least two main arousal-related pathways: hyperarousal (or traumatic reexperiencing) and hypoarousal (or dissociation).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The qualitative excerpts presented in the current study illustrate the extent to which a focus on body sensations may be distressing for individuals with a history of sexual trauma.

“Indeed, the qualitative excerpts presented in the current study illustrate the extent to which a focus on body sensations may be distressing for individuals with a history of sexual trauma.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Sexual trauma tends to be highly associated with the body, which is often the focus of meditative practices.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

According to Lindahl, Britton [54], these pathways include sensitization through attentional training and somato-affective amplification through body awareness.

“According to Lindahl, Britton [54], these include: 1) sensitization through attentional training and 2) somato-affective amplification through body awareness.”

• cites [54] JR Lindahl, 2022, Fear and Terror in Buddhist Meditation, Journal of Cognitive Historiography sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This limitation was corrected by the inclusion of the validated CTQ in study 2 and the similarity in findings between the two studies.

“However, this limitation was corrected by the inclusion of the validated CTQ in study 2 and the similarity in findings between the two studies.”

May combine two claims.

Total childhood trauma, childhood emotional abuse, and current subclinical PTSD symptoms are associated with an increased risk of dissociative states as a result of meditation practice.

“Within study 2, total childhood trauma, childhood emotional abuse and current subclinical PTSD symptoms significantly predicted LBEs, indicating that these variables are associated with an increased risk of dissociative states as a result of meditation practice.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Results could reflect simply the passage of time, with or without treatment.

“Therefore, results could reflect simply the passage of time, with or without treatment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Childhood trauma led to an increased risk for trauma-related dissociation.

“These results are in line with Frewen, Brown [51], who found that childhood trauma led to an increased risk for trauma-related dissociation.”

• cites Frewen, Brown [51] PA Frewen, 2017, Trauma-related altered states of consciousness (TRASC) in an online community sample: Further support for the 4-D model of trauma-related dissociation, Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Individuals with a trauma history or symptoms of PTSD may already have experience entering into dissociative states, and thus may be particularly likely to do so via these mechanisms during meditation practice.

“Individuals with a trauma history or symptoms of PTSD may already have experience entering into dissociative states, and thus may be particularly likely to do so via these mechanisms during meditation practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The nature of traumatic memories and mindfulness practice may also interact in a related mechanism.

“The nature of traumatic memories and mindfulness practice may also interact in a related mechanism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The time that has lapsed since study 1 recruitment could impact its generalizability to contemporary settings.

“Additionally, the time that has lapsed since study 1 recruitment could impact its generalizability to contemporary settings, though study 2 was conducted more recently with a similar pattern of results.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

These findings provide support for the adoption of trauma-informed modifications to standard MBPs.

“These findings provide support for the adoption of trauma-informed modifications to standard MBPs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Limitations specific to study 1 include the use of a non-validated, exploratory measure of childhood trauma.

“Limitations specific to study 1 include the use of a non-validated, exploratory measure of childhood trauma and data that was collected from 2004 to 2005.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Making all MBPs trauma-inclusive is likely to be more useful than screening out or creating separate trauma-sensitive programs for trauma survivors with PTSD.

“This finding suggests that making all MBPs trauma-inclusive is likely to be more useful than screening out or creating separate trauma-sensitive programs for trauma survivors with PTSD, as prevalence rates for lifetime trauma exposure (e.g., 80.8%) are estimated to be high within the general population [69].”

May combine two claims.

In study 1, interaction effects between trauma variables and condition (MBCT vs. control) were either non-significant or not possible to calculate.

“In study 1, interaction effects between trauma variables and condition (MBCT vs. control) were underpowered and either non-significant or not possible to calculate, while in study 2 there was no non-meditation or no-treatment control group.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In an MBSR intervention for a nonclinical population of childhood sexual abuse survivors, language was adopted to emphasize an individual's choice to participate in a meditation.

“In an MBSR intervention for a nonclinical population of childhood sexual abuse survivors, language was adopted to emphasize an individual’s choice to participate in a meditation [16].”

• cites [16] E Kimbrough, 2010, Mindfulness intervention for child abuse survivors, J Clin Psychol sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Mindfulness practice involves focusing on sensory data and instructions to 'abandon conceptual judgments and narrative stories'.

“Similarly, mindfulness practice involves focusing on sensory data and instructions to “abandon conceptual judgments and narrative stories” [66].”

• cites [66] RD Siegel, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Limitations specific to study 1 include data that was collected from 2004 to 2005.

“Limitations specific to study 1 include the use of a non-validated, exploratory measure of childhood trauma and data that was collected from 2004 to 2005.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Individuals with a current diagnosis of PTSD were excluded from participating in study 2.

“Additionally, individuals with a current diagnosis of PTSD were excluded from participating in study 2.”

May combine two claims.

Limitations for both studies include small sample sizes involving predominately female, white, and educated populations.

“Limitations for both studies include small sample sizes involving predominately female, white, and educated populations.”

May combine two claims.

The trauma variable was constructed post-hoc from semi-structured interview data, and it is unlikely to have consistently captured the frequency and severity of participants' childhood trauma experiences.

“Given that the trauma variable was constructed post-hoc from semi-structured interview data, it is unlikely to have consistently captured the frequency and severity of participants’ childhood trauma experiences.”