The Relation Between Motor Development and Mental Rotation Ability in 5- to 6-Year-old Children

Mental Rotation of Three-Dimensional Objects

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Playing an Action Video Game Reduces Gender Differences in Spatial Cognition

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Cortical Activations during the Mental Rotation of Different Visual Objects

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Sex Differences in Spatial Cognition, Computational Fluency, and Arithmetical Reasoning

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Individual differences in mental imagery experience: Developmental changes and specialization

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Developmental Patterns of Spatial Ability: An Early Sex Difference

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Suitable stimuli to obtain (no) gender differences in the speed of cognitive processes involved in mental rotation

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Implicit transfer of motor strategies in mental rotation

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Interrelated and interdependent

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Mental object rotation and the planning of hand movements

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Spatial Ability, Student Gender, and Academic Performance

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Manual training of mental rotation in children

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The Mental Cutting Test "Schnitte" and the Picture Rotation Test-Two New Measures to Assess Spatial Ability

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Timing and accuracy of visually directed movements in children: Control of direction and amplitude components

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The role of the primary motor cortex in mental rotation: a TMS study

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The influence of juggling on mental rotation performance.

Jansen, P., Titze, C., & Heil, M. (2009) · International journal of sport psychology · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Kinematics of aiming in direction and amplitude: A developmental study

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Development of mental rotation: A speed-accuracy study

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The involvement of primary motor cortex in mental rotation revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation

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Controlled and automatic processing during mental rotation

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Sex differences in throwing: monkeys having a fling

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DEVELOPMENTAL DIFFERENCES IN CHILDREN'S BALLISTIC AIMING MOVEMENTS OF THE ARM

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Mental Rotation Ability of Children with Spina Bifida: What Influence Does Manual Rotation Training Have?

Wiedenbauer, G., & Jansen‐Osmann, P. (2007) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640701539626 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

What is the age of mental rotation?

Lange‐Küttner, C., & Green, H. (2007) · IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning (ICDL) · doi:10.1109/devlrn.2007.4354043 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

The role of stimulus axis salience in children's ability to mentally rotate unfamiliar figures

Courbois, Y. (2000) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/095414400382154 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Change of Spatial Field Effects in 16- to 20-Week-Old Infants

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The Dorsal Frontoparietal Network: A Core System for Emulated Action

Ptak, R., Schnider, A., & Fellrath, J. (2017) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.05.002 · Cited by 204 · see citing works

The Relationship Between Cognitive Functions and Sport-Specific Motor Skills in Elite Youth Soccer Players

Scharfen, H., & Memmert, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00817 · Cited by 164 · see citing works

Development of mental transformation abilities

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Sex Differences in the Performance of 7–12 Year Olds on a Mental Rotation Task and the Relation With Arithmetic Performance

van Tetering, M. A. J., van der Donk, M. L. A., de Groot, R. H. M., & Jolles, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00107 · Cited by 121 · see citing works

Crawling is Associated with Mental Rotation Ability by 9‐Month‐Old Infants

Schwarzer, G., Freitag, C., Buckel, R., & Lofruthe, A. (2012) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7078.2012.00132.x · Cited by 105 · see citing works

Is Early Spatial Skills Training Effective? A Meta-Analysis

Yang, W., Liu, H., Chen, N., Xu, P., & Lin, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01938 · Cited by 100 · see citing works

Correlation of motor skill, mental rotation, and working memory in 3- to 6-year-old children

Lehmann, J., Quaiser-Pohl, C. M., & Jansen, P. (2014) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2014.888995 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

Attention for action in visual working memory

Olivers, C. N. L., & Roelfsema, P. R. (2020) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.07.011 · Cited by 99 · see citing works

Navigation and the developing brain

Newcombe, N. S. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.186460 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

Mental rotation performance in primary school age children: Are there gender differences in chronometric tests?

Jansen, P., Schmelter, A., Quaiser-Pohl, C. M., Neuburger, S., & Heil, M. (2012) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2012.08.005 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

A Matter of Balance: Motor Control is Related to Children’s Spatial and Proportional Reasoning Skills

Frick, A., & Möhring, W. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02049 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

How Crawling and Manual Object Exploration are Related to the Mental Rotation Abilities of 9-Month-Old Infants

Schwarzer, G., Freitag, C., & Schum, N. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00097 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Impaired mental rotation performance in overweight children

Jansen, P., Schmelter, A., Kasten, L., & Heil, M. (2011) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.02.021 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Object-based and egocentric mental rotation performance in older adults: The importance of gender differences and motor ability

Jansen, P., & Kaltner, S. (2013) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825585.2013.805725 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

Balance, gait, and navigation performance are related to physical exercise in blind and visually impaired children and adolescents

Rogge, A.-K., Hamacher, D., Cappagli, G., Kuhne, L. A., Hötting, K., Zech, A., Gori, M., & Röder, B. (2021) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-021-06038-3 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

The improvement in mental rotation performance in primary school-aged children after a two-week motor-training

Blüchel, M., Lehmann, J., Kellner, J., & Jansen, P. (2012) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2012.707612 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Mental rotation and motor performance in children with developmental dyslexia

Kaltner, S., & Jansen, P. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.10.003 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

The Improvement of Mental Rotation Performance in Second Graders after Creative Dance Training

Jansen, P., Kellner, J., & Rieder, C. (2013) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2013.46060 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Spatial Perspective-Taking in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Predictive Role of Visuospatial and Motor Abilities

Cardillo, R., Erbì, C., & Mammarella, I. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00208 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Effects of Physical Exercise Interventions on Spatial Orientation in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Scoping Review

Morawietz, C., & Muehlbauer, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.664640 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Cross-Domain Associations Between Motor Ability, Independent Exploration, and Large-Scale Spatial Navigation; Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Williams Syndrome, and Typical Development

Farran, E. K., Bowler, A., Karmiloff‐Smith, A., D’Souza, H., Mayall, L. A., & Hill, E. L. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00225 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Effects of Mental and Manual Rotation Training on Mental and Manual Rotation Performance

Adams, D. M., Stull, A. T., & Hegarty, M. (2014) · Spatial Cognition and Computation · doi:10.1080/13875868.2014.913050 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Mental rotation ability and everyday-life spatial activities in individuals with Down syndrome

Meneghetti, C., Toffalini, E., Carretti, B., & Lanfranchi, S. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.10.019 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Is the Male Advantage in Mental-Rotation Performance Task Independent? On the Usability of Chronometric Tests and Paper-and-Pencil Tests in Children

Quaiser-Pohl, C. M., Neuburger, S., Heil, M., Jansen, P., & Schmelter, A. (2014) · International Journal of Testing · doi:10.1080/15305058.2013.860148 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

The gender effect in 3D-Mental-rotation performance with familiar and gender-stereotyped objects – a study with elementary school children

Ruthsatz, V., Neuburger, S., Rahe, M., Jansen, P., & Quaiser-Pohl, C. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2017.1312689 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Laterality-Specific Training Improves Mental Rotation Performance in Young Soccer Players

Pietsch, S., & Jansen, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00220 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Increased physical education at school improves the visual-spatial cognition during adolescence

Jansen, P., Ellinger, J., & Lehmann, J. (2018) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2018.1457777 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Mathematical achievement: the role of spatial and motor skills in 6–8 year-old children

Fernández-Méndez, L. M., Contreras, M. J., Mammarella, I. C., Feraco, T., & Meneghetti, C. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.10095 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

The Relationship between Coordination Skill and Mental Rotation Ability

Pietsch, S., & Jansen, P. (2012) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32732-2_11 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

The role of rotational hand movements and general motor ability in children’s mental rotation performance

Jansen, P., & Kellner, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00984 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Facilitating recognition of spatial structures through animation and the role of mental rotation ability

Münzer, S. (2015) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.12.007 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Using virtual reality to assess dynamic self-motion and landmark cues for spatial updating in children and adults

Barhorst-Cates, E. M., Stoker, J., Stefanucci, J. K., & Creem-Regehr, S. H. (2020) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-020-01111-8 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Factors Influencing Mental-Rotation with Action-based Gender-Stereotyped Objects—The Role of Fine Motor Skills

Jansen, P., Quaiser-Pohl, C. M., Neuburger, S., & Ruthsatz, V. (2014) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-014-9269-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Relationship of executive functions and physical abilities in elite soccer players

Scharfen, H., & Memmert, D. (2021) · German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research · doi:10.1007/s12662-021-00767-x · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Radical neuroconstructivism: a framework to combine the how and what of teaching and learning?

Tokuhama‐Espinosa, T., & Borja, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.1215510 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Mental rotation training in older adults: The role of practice and strategy.

Meneghetti, C., Carbone, E., Antonino, D. M., Toffalini, E., & Borella, E. (2018) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000275 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

How embodied is cognition? fMRI and behavioral evidence for common neural resources underlying motor planning and mental rotation of bodily stimuli

Doganci, N., Iannotti, G. R., Coll, S. Y., & Ptak, R. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad352 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Contributions of executive function to spatial thinking in young children

Garcia, N. L., Dick, A. S., & Pruden, S. M. (2022) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2317 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Sex Differences in Gains Among Hispanic Pre-kindergartners’ Mental Rotation Skills

Abad, C., Odean, R., & Pruden, S. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02563 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

The relation between mental rotation and handedness is a consequence of how handedness is measured

Pietsch, S., & Jansen, P. (2019) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2019.01.001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Age-related changes in how 3.5- to 5.5-year-olds observe and imagine rotational object motion

Pedrett, S., Chavaillaz, A., & Frick, A. (2022) · Spatial Cognition and Computation · doi:10.1080/13875868.2022.2095276 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

How Children Learn to Discover Their Environment

Mulder, H., Oudgenoeg‐Paz, O., Hellendoorn, A., & Jongmans, M. J. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801638-1.00009-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

The relationship between theory of mind and mental rotation ability in preschool-aged children

Lehmann, J., & Jansen, P. (2019) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2019.1582127 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Does mental rotation emulate motor processes? An electrophysiological study of objects and body parts

Menéndez-Granda, M., Iannotti, G. R., Darqué, A., & Ptak, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.983137 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Movement, Space, and the Development of Spatial Thinking

Pruden, S. M., Nazareth, A., Odean, R., Abad, C., Bravo, E. I., & Garcia, N. L. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119171492.wecad029 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Spatial Cognition in Children With Physical Disability; What Is the Impact of Restricted Independent Exploration?

Farran, E. K., Critten, V., Courbois, Y., Campbell, E., & Messer, D. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.669034 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Embodied Mental Rotation – Does It Affect Postural Stability?

Hofmann, P., Jost, L., & Jansen, P. (2022) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2022.2151970 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Physical Touch-Based Rotation Processes of Primary School Students

Bertel, S., Wetzel, S., & Zander, S. (2016) · Spatial Cognition · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68189-4_2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Assessment and pedagogical implications of young children’s psychomotor development in Greek kindergarten schools

Zaragas, H., & Pliogou, V. (2020) · Education 3-13 · doi:10.1080/03004279.2019.1684540 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Effects of a One-Hour Creative Dance Training on Mental Rotation Performance in Primary School Aged Children

Jansen, P., & Richter, S. (2015) · International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Influence of Boxing Training on Self-Concept and Mental Rotation Performance in Children

Rahe, M., Schaefer, J., Schürmann, L., & Jansen, P. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-024-00297-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Motor and Visual-spatial Cognitive Abilities in Children Treated for Infantile Esotropia

Dillmann, J., Freitag, C., Lorenz, B., Holve, K., Schweinfurth, S., & Schwarzer, G. (2021) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125211011726 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

The Role of Motor System in Mental Rotation: New Insights from Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1

Cona, G., Casagrande, A., Lenzoni, S., Pegoraro, E., Bozzoni, V., Bello, L., Sorarú, G., Botta, A., & Semenza, C. (2019) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617719001383 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

PENGARUH MEDIA MAGIC STRAW TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN KOGNITIF DAN MOTORIK HALUS PADA ANAK USIA DINI

Qibtiyah, M. L., Masitoh, S., & Bachri, B. S. (2021) · Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Citra Bakti · doi:10.38048/jipcb.v8i2.331 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Individual Differences in Navigation: An Introductory Overview

Meneghetti, C., Miola, L., Feraco, T., & Muffato, V. (2022) · Prime Archives in Environmental Research · doi:10.37247/papsy2ed.2.2022.9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Exploring the Development of Spatial Orientation and the Cognitive Levels of Preschoolers During “Three-stage” Constructive Play

Chen, W., Zheng, X., Wu, X., Li, W., Cao, X., Su, Y., & Wang, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Early Childhood · doi:10.1007/s13158-025-00420-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works

The trajectory of balance skill development from childhood to adolescence was influenced by birthweight: a latent transition analysis in a British birth cohort

Okuda, P. M. M., Swardfager, W., Lúcio, P. S., Ploubidis, G. B., Liu, T. C., Pangelinan, M. M., & Cogo‐Moreira, H. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.12.012 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

The Role of Time Constraints in Athletes' Egocentric Mental Rotation Performance

Feng, T., Li, Y., Ji, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2019) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.5709/acp-0270-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Macht Bewegung unsere Kinder wirklich schlauer? Neue Erkenntnisse zum Zusammenhang von Bewegung und kognitiven Fähigkeiten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen

Jansen, P. (2014) · Sports Orthopaedics and Traumatology · doi:10.1016/j.orthtr.2014.02.001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

The Development of Early Spatial Thinking

Abad, C. (2018) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc004073 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Spatial skills in early childhood education

Bobrowicz, K., & Mendes, A. (2026) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2025.102308 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Does Body Awareness Influence Visual Spatial Intelligence

Kaltner, S., & Jansen, P. (2015) · International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Is there a relationship between movement and cognition in childhood and adolescence

Jansen, P. (2014) · Sports Orthopaedics and Traumatology · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Relationship between locomotive syndrome development and motor imagery ability in children

Goda, A., Abiko, T., Murata, S., Kubo, A., Tanaka, S., Mitsumaru, N., Nonaka, K., Iwase, H., Yoshihiro, K. A. I., Miyachi, R., et al. (2021) · Japanese Journal of Health Promotion and Physical Therapy · doi:10.9759/hppt.10.183 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Die motorische Entwicklung von Kindern mit frühkindlichem Innenschielen

Dillmann, J., Freitag, C., Holve, K., Schweinfurth, S., Lorenz, B., & Schwarzer, G. (2017) · Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0043-118831 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Examination of movement skills, geometry and spatial perceptions: Children in the preschool period

Kılıç, Z., & Yorulmaz, A. (2023) · Southeast Asia Early Childhood Journal · doi:10.37134/saecj.vol12.1.8.2023 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Motorische Fähigkeiten und exekutive Funktionen bei Kindern mit einer Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung

Ziereis, S. (2015) · University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) · doi:10.5283/epub.31326 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Does Spatial Cognition Emerge in Frontier Models?

Ramakrishnan, S. K., Wijmans, E., Kraehenbuehl, P., & Koltun, V. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2410.06468

The relationship between motor skills and cognition in children with a special focus on spatial abilities

Lehmann, J. (2013) · University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) · doi:10.5283/epub.28105

Wahrnehmung und Vorstellung von Bewegungen - Studien im Kontext des Erwerbs sportlicher Fertigkeiten in der Kindheit

Salb, S. (2015) · doi:10.53846/goediss-4881

Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition: A Journal on Normal and Dysfunctional

Jansen, P., & Kaltner, S. (2013)

Η αξιολόγηση της κινητικής ανάπτυξης με δύο διαφορετικές δέσμες δοκιμασιών σε παιδιά προσχολικής ηλικίας

Zaragas, H., & Γκατζόγια, Δ. Ν. (2019) · Έρευνα στην Εκπαίδευση · doi:10.12681/hjre.20808

Le role des gestes chez des eleves avec une deficience intellectuelle dans la realisation, la conceptualisation et l’explicitation d’une tache de rotation mentale : Résultats de trois revues systématiques de littérature et d’une recherche empirique

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The effect of internal and external visualization of rotation on postural stability

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