A meta-regression to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance

Etnier, Jennifer L.; Nowell, Priscilla M.; Landers, Daniel M.; Sibley, Benjamin A.

doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.01.002

Cited by 753Physical Activity and HealthCardiovascular and exercise physiologyCognitive Abilities and Testing

A meta-regression to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance

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Etnier, Jennifer L., Nowell, Priscilla M., Landers, Daniel M., Sibley, Benjamin A.·2006·Brain Research Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.01.002

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Abstract

Many studies have been conducted to test the potentially beneficial effects of physical activity on cognition. The results of meta-analytic reviews of this literature suggest that there is a positive association between participation in physical activity and cognitive performance. The design of past research demonstrates the tacit assumption that changes in aerobic fitness contribute to the changes in cognitive performance. Therefore, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to use meta-regression techniques to statistically test the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance. Results indicated that there was not a significant linear or curvilinear relationship between fitness effect sizes (ESs) and cognitive ESs for studies using cross-sectional designs or posttest comparisons. However, there was a significant negative relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance for pre-post comparisons. The effects for the cross-sectional and pre-post comparisons were moderated by the age group of the participants; however, the nature of this effect was not consistent for the two databases. Based on the findings of this meta-analytic review, it is concluded that the empirical literature does not support the cardiovascular fitness hypothesis. To confirm the findings of this review, future research should specifically test the dose-response relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance. However, based upon the findings of this review, we also encourage future research to focus on other physiological and psychological variables that may serve to mediate the relationship between physical activity and cognitive performance.

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A meta-analysis found significant cognitive improvement from physical-activity training, but no overall significant relationship between fitness change and cognitive change.
“Etnier and colleagues found a significant improvement in cognition as a function of physical-activity training. However, overall, no significant relationship was found between fitness change (or difference) and cognitive change (or difference).”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Etnier, Nowell, Landers, and Sibley (2006)
The Results report a mean cognitive effect size of 0.34 across 37 studies, significantly greater than zero (p < 0.001), supporting the reported cognitive improvement. The Discussion finds no significant fitness–cognition relationship for cross-sectional or posttest comparisons, but the pre-post Results find a significant negative relationship between fitness change and cognitive change. Thus, saying there was no significant relationship overall omits an important exception. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
A 2003 meta-analysis in children aged 4-18 found a significant positive relationship between physical activity levels and perceptual skills, IQ, achievement, verbal tests, math tests, and developmental level/academic readiness, but not memory.
“A 2003 meta-analysis in children (aged 4–18 yrs) demonstrated a significant positive relationship between physical activity levels and perceptual skills, intelligence quotient, achievement, verbal tests, mathematic tests, developmental level/academic readiness, with only an effect on memory not found (172).”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [172]
A meta-analysis of 571 fitness effect sizes from 1306 subjects in 37 studies prior to 2005 concluded that the empirical literature did not support a relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance.
“A meta-analysis was performed on 571 fitness effect sizes from 1306 subjects from 37 studies prior to 2005. Etnier et al. (172) concluded that the empirical literature did not support a relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance.”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [172]
Across the same 37 studies, the summary statistic indicated a positive association between physical activity and cognitive performance.
“Rather across the same 37 studies designed to test the effects of fitness on cognition, the summary statistic indicated that a positive association existed between physical activity and cognitive performance (172), confirming the findings of three previous meta-analytic reviews of this literature (108, 173, 473).”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [172]
Higher aerobic fitness levels in older women with the APOE4 genotype were associated with better cognitive function, suggesting that physical activity levels capable of increasing aerobic fitness are needed to improve cognitive function in those with APOE4 genotypes.
“However, higher aerobic fitness levels in older women having the APOE4 genotype had better cognitive function in another cross-sectional study (171), suggesting that physical activity levels that are capable of increasing aerobic fitness are needed to improve cognitive function in those with APOE4 genotypes.”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [171]

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Is There a Dose-Response Relationship Between Aerobic Fitness and Cognitive Performance? A Meta-Analytic Review
Etnier, J. L., Nowell, P. M., Landers, D. M., & Sibley, B. A. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200405001-00783
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Rx
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Aerobic capacity and cognitive performance in a cross-sectional aging study
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Authors: Etnier, J. L., Nowell, P. M., Landers, D. M., & Sibley, B. A.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
Arizona State University (US)
Miami University (US)
Corresponding author: Etnier, Jennifer L.
ORCID: Etnier, Jennifer L.
Venue: Brain Research Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006-08
Volume: 52
Issue: 1
Pages: 119-130
ISSN: 0165-0173 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.01.002
OpenAlex: W2071762564
Cited by: 749
References: 85
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 56
FWCI: 12.52
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
libres.uncg.edu
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Brain Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Keywords: cardiorespiratory fitness, cognitive performance, physical activity, exercise and cognition, age differences, pre-post test comparison, cross-section design, dose-response relationship
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Regression Analysis, Retrospective Studies, Exercise

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A meta-regression to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance

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