Reconciliation & Indigenous Inclusion In Ontario's Wilderness: An Analysis of Recreational Space in Temagami - n'Daki Menan

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The 2014 Provincial Policy Statement contains no discussion of co-management or relationship building.

“There is no discussion on ideas of co-management nor relationship building.”

May combine two claims.

The 2014 Provincial Policy Statement does not include language around obtaining free, prior, and informed consent; its language continues to center on consulting.

“However, the PPS does not include language around obtaining “free, prior, and informed consent” as the language continues to center on ‘consulting’.”

May combine two claims.

Aboriginal consultation for the Temagami Area Management Plan occurred as open houses and public meetings, and the First Nation's interest in participating was limited to a maintenance partnership for recreational facilities.

“Aboriginal consultation occurred in the form of open houses and public meetings and it is noted that the First Nation has interest in participating in a maintenance partnershipwhich would extend simply to maintenance of recreational facilities (MNR, 2007).”

May combine two claims.

The Temagami Area Management Plan begins by discussing the planning context and states that Temagami has been a tourist destination for over a century rather than beginning by acknowledging Indigenous history and ongoing presence.

“Rather than begin by acknowledging the Indigenous history and ongoing presence, the plan states, “Temagami has been a tourist destination for over a century…” (MNR, 2007 para.2).”

May combine two claims.

The TAA are connected to their land physically, historically, and spiritually.

“The TAA are very much connected to their land, not only in a physical manner, but both historically and spiritually as well.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Teme-Augama Anishnabai (TAA) call the Temagami area their home and yet continue to be displaced from this landscape.

“The Teme-Augama Anishnabai (TAA) call the Temagami area their home and yet continue to be displaced from this landscape.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Currently, Indigenous culture and histories are largely absent from our cultural and social landscapes in Ontario.

“Currently, Indigenous culture and histories are largely absent from our cultural and social landscapes in Ontario.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Temagami Official Plan states that many recreational trails are part of TAA/TFN heritage.

“For instance, in stating that many of the recreational trails are part of the TAA/TFN heritage(Temagami, 2013).”

• cites Temagami, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

On Highway 11, driving north towards Temagami, a sign proclaims that one is entering the territory of n'Daki Menan, homeland of the Teme-Augama Anishnaibai.

“On Highway 11, driving north towards Temagami, a sign proclaims that one is now entering the territory of n'Daki Menan, homeland of the Teme-Augama Anishnaibai.”

May combine two claims.

The TFN is currently creating the TFN Land Code, which is subject to lands within the Bear Island Indian Reserve, with the third draft released in February 2017.

“The TFN is currently engaged in creating the TFN Land Code, which is subject to lands within the Bear Island Indian Reserve, with the third draft released in February 2017.”

• cites TFN, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Court found that the Crown had not fulfilled its fiduciary responsibility to TFN, leading Ontario to enter into negotiations with the TFN and TAA.

“The Court did find that the Crown had not fulfilled its fiduciary responsibility to TFN, leading Ontario to enter into negotiations with the TFN and TAA.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Temagami Official Plan represents local interest as three categories-residents, seasonal residents, and those with treaty rights-each having a different relationship to the land and a different view of the 'Temagami Experience'.

“) states that the local interest is represented by three categories (residents, seasonal residents those with treaty rights), each having a different relationship to the land as well as a different view of the “Temagami Experience”.”

• cites Temagami, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Temagami Official Plan states that forest management plans include aesthetic viewpoint management areas to limit the impact of forest operations on other Crown Land users.

“Further, the OP (2013) states forest management plans in Temagami include aesthetic viewpoint management areas in an effort to limit the impact of forest operations on other users of Crown Land.”

• cites Temagami, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Wendaban Stewardship Authority was envisioned to create co-existence between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples and based on principles of holistic land and resource use.

“It was envisioned to create co-existence between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples and based on principles of holistic land and resource use (CAID, 1996).”

• cites CAID, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In the 1970s, Maple Mountain attracted the attention of the Minister of the Ministry of Natural Resources.

“In the 1970s, Maple Mountain attracted the attention of the Minister of the Ministry of Natural Resources.”

May combine two claims.

Ontario and the TAA signed a Memorandum of Understanding and created the Wendaban Stewardship Authority to jointly manage resources, activities, and land development within n'Daki Menan.

“Ontario and the TAA signed a Memorandum of Understanding and created the Wendaban Stewardship Authority to jointly manage resources, activities, and land development within n'Daki Menan.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Within the Temagami Area Management Plan, Maple Mountain is the preferred name.

“As is noted above, within the Temagami Area Management Plan, Maple Mountain is the preferred name.”

• cites Temagami, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The cottage and the wilderness are ubiquitous in the identity of Ontario and the national identity of Canada.

“The cottage and likewise, the wilderness is ubiquitous in the identity of Ontario and moreover, to the national identity of Canada.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Temagami has long been portrayed as a vacant wilderness and space for recreation.

“Temagami has long been portrayed as a vacant wilderness and space for recreation.”

May combine two claims.

If English names dominate maps, then First Nations presence has been erased from the collective memory in Temagami.

“If it is English names that dominate our maps, it can be concluded that, whether intentionally or not, the First Nations presence has been erased from the collective memory in Temagami.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The frontier and wilderness were seen as a place of individualism, freer and more natural than the modern confines of civilization.

“The frontier, and thus the wilderness, was seen as a place of individualism, a freer and more natural place than the modern confines of civilization (Cronon, 1996).”

• cites Cronon, 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Decolonization in Canada through collaborative planning does not necessitate a binary approach.

“This paper contends that decolonization in Canada through collaborative planning does not necessitate a binary approach.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Planning has been a tool of colonization, serving as a legal framework of the colonial, settler state.

“Planning has been a tool of colonization, serving as a legal framework of the colonial, settler state.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Aboriginal peoples are often seen as stewards of the environment, managing lands sustainably.

“Aboriginal peoples are often seen as the stewards of the environment; managing lands in a sustainable manner (Hibbard et al., 2008).”

• cites Hibbard et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Place names are a powerful symbol of independence and national pride.

“Place names are a powerful symbol of independence and national pride,, (Monmonier, 2006).”

• cites Monmonier, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Cottage country in Ontario is more than a hinterland of second homes; it is home territory and hunting grounds for Aboriginal peoples, place of resource extraction, and agricultural area.

“Cottage country in Ontario is more than a hinterland of second homes; it is home territory and hunting grounds for Aboriginal peoples, place of resource extraction, and also agricultural area (Lister & Luka, 2012).”

• cites Lister & Luka, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The making of the myth of Canadian wilderness has worked to erase Indigenous peoples from the physical and social landscape.

“The making of the myth of Canadian wilderness has worked to erase Indigenous peoples from the physical and social landscape.”

May combine two claims.

Reserve status for Bear Island wasn't recognized until 1971, largely due to ongoing conflicts between the First Nation and both provincial and federal levels of government.

“Reserve status wasn't recognized until 1971, largely due to ongoing conflicts between the First Nation and both provincial and federal levels of government.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

There are competing tensions in Temagami that flow from settler identity, colonization and resource extraction.

“Additionally, the area has an unsettled First Nation land claim, and further, there are competing tensions that flow from settler identity, colonization and resource extraction.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Temagami has an unsettled First Nation land claim.

May combine two claims.

Indigenous place names carry knowledge passed through generations and connect people to a place.

“Further, Indigenous place names carry knowledge passed through generations and connect people to a place (Joseph, 2016).”

• cites Joseph, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Supreme Court of Canada reaffirmed the promise of a 316 square kilometer reserve, yet land claim negotiations are currently on hold.

“The Supreme Court of Canada reaffirmed this promise, yet land claim negotiations are currently on hold.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Planning has been complicit in the marginalization of Indigenous peoples.

“As a result, planning has been complicit in the marginalization of Indigenous peoples.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The romanticized view of Aboriginal peoples as stewards does not account for the diversity of Aboriginal peoples nor their right to exploit their own lands.

“However, this romanticized view doesn't account for the diversity of Aboriginal peoples nor their right to exploit their own lands -a right afforded to the settler state.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Settler voices now dominate in the Temagami landscape as the First Nation voice has been marginalized.

“Settler voices now dominate as the First Nation voice has been marginalized.”

May combine two claims.

The wilderness became a landscape of choice for elite tourists, where the wealthy projected frontier fantasies onto the landscape.

“As Cronon (1996) notes, the wilderness became a landscape of choice for elite tourists, where the wealthy projected 'frontier fantasies' onto the landscape.”

• cites Cronon, 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There are two dominant perspectives today in how cottage country and the wilderness are viewed: as an economic opportunity to be exploited, and as nationalistic identity.

“There are two dominant perspectives today in how cottage country and the wilderness are viewed.The first, as an economic opportunity to be exploited (Stevens, 2013).Second, which will be explored further later, as nationalistic identity, which is common amongst both environmentalists and recreationalists.”

• cites Stevens, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Teme-Augama Anishnabai view themselves as the original caretakers of the land with a continued role in land management.

“Of the various users, there is the Teme-Augama Anishnabai who view selves as the original caretakers of the land with continued role in land management; recreational users whose interests focus on Lake Temagami and canoe routes; resource interests who extract forest and mineral wealth; and lastly the province, who works to monitor activities in the area (Benidickson & Hodgins, 1989).”

• cites Benidickson & Hodgins, 1989Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The rugged wilderness is seen as the essence of Canada, epitomized by the Group of Seven and Tom Thompson.

“Epitomized by Canadian landscape artists, The Group of Seven, as well as Tom Thompson, the rugged wilderness is seen as the”

• cites Stevens, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Thorpe, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

From the early 20th century onwards, the TAA mostly lived on Bear Island but had no reserve and no official home.

“From the early 20th century onwards, the TAA mostly lived on Bear Island, but had no reserve and thus no official home.”

• cites Benidickson & Hodgins, 1989Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

There is a space of common ground where both the settler state and Indigenous peoples are equal partners in the center.

“This paper argues for a space of common ground, where both the settler state and Indigenous peoples are equal partners in the center.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Aboriginal peoples shape the land as much as it shapes them, so preserving the land in a state of wilderness is impractical and absurd.

“Moreover, this approach towards the land illustrates the difference in worldviews between Aboriginal peoples and settlers: Aboriginal peoples shape the land just as much as it shapes them and thus the notion of preserving the land in a state of wilderness is impractical and absurd (Hibbard et al., 2008).”

• cites Hibbard et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Temagami was chosen as an instrumental case study because it has been idealized as a Canadian wilderness and recreation space.

“Temagami was chosen as it has been idealized as a Canadian wilderness and recreation space.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

As a result of competing interests and conflict between Indigenous and settler society, the present and future of Temagami is uncertain.

“As a result of competing interests and conflict between Indigenous and settler society, and the multiple purposes both have sought to achieve in the landscape, the present and future is uncertain (Benidickson & Hodgins, 1989).”

• cites Benidickson & Hodgins, 1989Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Temagami can be stated to belong to northern Ontario cottage country.

“Thus, Temagami can be stated to belong to northern Ontario cottage country, as it is just beyond the three hour distance considered accessible from Toronto, yet still draws people there for the same reasons.”

May combine two claims.

Today the Temagami First Nation reserve on Bear Island is 2.6 square kilometers, despite an 1885 federal promise of a 316 square kilometer reserve.

“Today the Temagami First Nation reserve located on Bear Island is situated on 2.6 square kilometers of land, despite the fact that in 1885 the Federal government promised a 316 square kilometer reserve (Benidickson & Hodgins, 1989).”

• cites Benidickson & Hodgins, 1989Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The discourse on cottage country provides relevant parallels to the Temagami region because both are places where southern Ontarians have second homes and go to enjoy the wilderness.

“Despite being outside this boundary, the discourse on cottage country provides relevant parallels to the Temagami region, as both are places where southern Ontarians have second homes and go to enjoy the”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

As a symbol of the Canadian wilderness, Temagami provides an escape into a place seen as a return to simpler times and an opportunity to connect with the great outdoors.

“As a symbol of the Canadian wilderness, Temagami provides an escape into a place that is seen as a return to simpler times and an opportunity to connect with the great outdoors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Canada's national identity is tied to wilderness, and notably to a narrow conception of what wilderness is and means.

“Canada's national identity is tied to wilderness, and notably, a narrow conception of what wilderness is and means.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The decolonization process operates at multiple levels and necessitates moving from awareness to active everyday practices of resurgence.

“The decolonization process operates at multiple levels and necessitates moving from awareness, to active everyday practices of resurgence (Corntassel, 2012).”

• cites Corntassel, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

This dualist view leaves no option to live with nature, contributing to the erasure of First Nations from the land.

“This view leaves no option to live with nature, thus contributing to the erasure of First Nations from the land.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Participation and integration created on the framework of colonial settler identity are assimilation by another name, integrating Indigenous peoples into the colonial system and ways of doing and knowing.

“Participation and integration, which are often created on the framework of colonial settler identity, are therefore assimilation by another name; integrating Indigenous peoples into the colonial system and ways of doing and knowing (Tuck & Yang, 2012).”

• cites Tuck & Yang, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Settler colonialism operates through internal and external colonialism, with no spatial separation between metropole and colony.

“Settler colonialism operates through internal and external colonialism, as there is no spatial separation between metropole and colony.”

• cites Tuck & Yang, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Decolonization seeks to re-articulate power and knowledge through a multiplicity of epistemologies and ontologies.

“Decolonization seeks to re-articulate power and knowledge through a multiplicity of epistemologies and ontologies (Desai et al., 2012).”

• cites Desai et al., 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The belief that Aboriginal peoples were part of the past rendered land claims pointless.

“This rendered land claims pointless, as the Aboriginal people and the land they lived on was seen as part of the vanishing Canadian wilderness (Thorpe, 2012).”

• cites Thorpe, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Decolonization offers an opportunity to uproot colonial structures and rebuild a different, new system.

“Decolonization on the other hand, offers an opportunity to uproot these structures and rebuild a different, new system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The visible history of Canada is directly tied to the fur trade, most notably in place names.

“The visible history of Canada is directly tied to the fur trade, most notably in place names; fort, house, factory and post feature heavily in place names on the Ontario map (Schreyer, 2014).”

• cites Schreyer, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The settler approach to nature as exclusive from culture leaves only two options: using nature destroys it, or being apart from nature saves it.

“The settler approach to nature as being exclusive from culture, leaves only two options for interaction with nature: being in nature and using it means it will be destroyed whereas being apart from nature allows saving it (Thorpe, 2012).”

• cites Thorpe, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

This removal was to preserve the land in the settler way and to form a mythic wilderness created by and for Euro-Canadians.

“This removal was not necessarily to create uninhabited places, but to preserve them in the settler way and to form a mythic wilderness created by, and for, Euro-Canadiana (Binnema & Niemi, 2006;Thorpe, 2012;Gilbert, 2008).”

• cites Binnema & Niemi, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Thorpe, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Gilbert, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The five parks' common theme of providing remote wilderness experiences implies that no one lives there or has a right to that land.

“The five parks share a common theme in that they provide remote wilderness experiences (MNR, 2007) which implies that no one lives there, or has right to that land.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Duty to consult is meaningless if it is not undertaken with respect to the First Nation or if the First Nation does not have the capacity to participate in the review process.

““Duty to consult” is meaningless if not undertaken with respect to the First Nation or if the First Nation does not have the capacity to participate in the review process (Alexiuk et al., 2013).”

• cites Alexiuk et al., 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Despite 1951 amendments, Indigenous peoples in Canada were, and continue to be, seen as less than and inferior to settlers.

“Despite this being changed through amendments in 1951, Indigenous peoples in Canada were, and continue to be, seen as less than and inferior to settlers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Planning has the opportunity to create spaces of co-existence, places where relations and understandings established at the point of contact in Canada's early history can be returned to.

“However, planning does have the opportunity to create spaces of co-existence, places where we can return to the types of relations and understandings that were established at the point of contact in Canada's early history (Alexiuk et al., 2015).”

• cites Alexiuk et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Decolonization does not seek to be complementary, but rather seeks to unsettle.

“By contrast, decolonization does not seek to be complementary, but rather seeks to unsettle (Tuck & Yang, 2012).”

• cites Tuck & Yang, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The duty to consult is intended to ensure that Crown decision making regarding development of natural resources respects Aboriginal interests in accordance with the honour of the Crown.

““The duty to consult is, at its simplest, intended to ensure that Crown decision making regarding development of natural resources 'respects Aboriginal interests in accordance with the honour of the Crown'” (Alexiuk et al., 2015 p.6).”

• cites Alexiuk et al., 2015 p.6Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Indian Act of 1876 defined 'person' as an individual other than an Indian.

“The Indian Act of 1876 is very telling of this dualism in Canada:”

• cites Kamboureli & Zacharias, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Decolonization should not be equated to social justice; it is the repatriation of Indigenous land and life.

“For this reason, decolonization should not be equated to social justice, but rather, it is the repatriation of Indigenous land and life (Tuck & Yang, 2012).”

• cites Tuck & Yang, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Planning is not innocent but has systematically excluded voices and peoples.

“In fact, planning is not innocent, but rather has systematically excluded voices and peoples (Sandercock, 1998).”

• cites Sandercock, 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Depicting Temagami as virgin forests and vacant removed the agency of the TAA, as Aboriginal peoples were viewed as part of the wilderness and the past that was inevitably to be destroyed in the name of progress.

“Depicting Temagami as virgin forests and vacant largely removed agency of the TAA, as Aboriginal peoples were viewed as part of the wilderness; part of the past that was inevitable to be destroyed in the name of progress (Thorpe, 2012).”

• cites Thorpe, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Without radical change, attempts at reconciliation will be superficial and will not move past mere integration and talk of Indigenous rights and values.

“Without a radical change, attempts at reconciliation will simply be a superficial and not move past mere integration and talk of indigenous rights and values.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The colonial project necessarily requires either destroying or assimilating Indigenous peoples to secure the land, and therefore reconciliation is at odds with settler society.

“The colonial project necessarily requires either destroying or assimilating Indigenous peoples, in an effort to secure the land, and therefore, reconciliation is at odds with the settler society.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

First Nations control over land and identity is central to self-determination.

“First Nations control over land and identity is central to self-determination.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Wilderness is a concept used by the west to designate it as 'other', to describe the space beyond what is known.

“Wilderness is a concept used by the west to designate it as”

• cites Todd, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Settler colonialism is a structure, and therefore ongoing.

“Settler colonialism is a structure, and therefore, ongoing.”

• cites Tuck & Yang, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The northern wilderness can be understood as both northern frontier and northern homeland.

“The dichotomy of the northern wilderness is best explained by Schreyer: as both the northern frontier and northern homeland.”

• cites SchreyerNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The meanings associated with nature and wilderness are socially constructed, defined by the culture and society within which one lives.

“In other words, the meanings associated with both nature and wilderness are defined by the culture and society within which one lives -they are socially constructed (Binnema & Niemi, 2006;Cronon, 1998).”

• cites Binnema & Niemi, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Cronon, 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The settler state seeks to normalize settler identity as the future and does not offer space for Indigenous identity.

“The settler state seeks to normalize the settler identity as the future and does not offer space for the Indigenous identity.”

May combine two claims.

Western sciences and Indigenous knowledges provide two distinct and even divergent ways of understanding the world, so attempts to meld them in collaborative knowledge and co-management will encounter challenges.

“As Hayden King notes, western sciences and Indigenous knowledges provide two ways of understanding the world, (2012 p.3) which are distinct and even divergent, and therefore any attempt at melding the two in the pursuit of collaborative knowledge and a successful co-management or land use planning regime will encounter challenges (Berger et al., 2010).”

• cites Hayden King, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Berger et al., 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Settlers make Indigenous land their new home, source of capital, and disrupt relationships to the land; this violence is reasserted each day of occupation.

“Settlers make Indigenous land their new home, source of capital, and disrupt relationships to the land; this violence is reasserted each day of occupation (Tuck & Yang, 2012).”

• cites Tuck & Yang, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Reconciliation offers an opportunity to reestablish settler society as the norm and is concerned with how the Indigenous agenda will affect the settler.

“Reconciliation offers an opportunity to reestablish settler society as the norm and is concerned with how the Indigenous agenda will affect and create consequences for the settler.”

May combine two claims.

The co-existence plan implicitly adheres to UNDRIP article 26 (right to traditional lands, territories and resources), article 3 (self-determination), and article 8 (right not to be subjected to forced assimilation).

“This plan of co-existence also implicitly adheres to article 26 of the UNDRIP: Indigenous peoples have the right to their traditional lands, territories and resources. Further, article 3: right to self-determination, and article 8: right to not be subjected to forced assimilation, are upheld as well.”

• cites UNDRIPNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Decolonization cannot take place without contestation; it must push back against colonial relations of power that threaten Indigenous ways of being.

“Moving forward, Decolonization cannot take place without contestation; it must necessarily push back against the colonial relations of power that threaten Indigenous ways of being (Desai et al., 2012).”

• cites Desai et al., 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The proposed co-existence model does not unsettle the colonial system but allows space for two systems.

“Although perhaps this model of co-existence does not unsettle the colonial system, it does however allow space for two systems.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Since we have lived alongside Indigenous peoples for four centuries, we are arguably shaped by the Indigenous experience, including Indigenous ideas of mutual dependence and partnership.

“As Saul (2008) notes, since we have lived alongside Indigenous peoples for four centuries, we are arguably shaped by the Indigenous experience.This includes Indigenous ideas of mutual dependence and partnership.”

• cites Saul (2008)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Utilizing the Haida Gwaii Management Council model, consensus is the goal and is achieved by equal representation by both the First Nation and government.

“Utilizing the model of the Haida Gwaii Management Council (2013), consensus is the goal and is achieved by equal representation in the Council by both the First Nation and government.”

• cites Haida Gwaii Management Council (2013)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Thorpe's (2012) 'Temagami's Tangled Wild' provides an analysis of the conflict over meaning, identity and land in the region by deconstructing the idea of 'wilderness' and contrasting it to the Temagami First Nation view of the area as homeland.

“Thorpe's (2012) “Temagami's Tangled Wild” provides an analysis of the conflict over meaning, identity and land in the region by deconstructing the idea of “wilderness” and contrasting it to the Temagami First Nation view of the area as homeland.”

• cites Thorpe's (2012)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The proposed strategy of co-existence allows for re-thinking the approach to land and understanding of environment-people as part of the park's life, not its masters-which will inevitably lead to a different outcome.

“This proposed strategy of co-existence allows for a re-thinking of the approach to the land and understanding of the environmentpeople as part of the park's life, not its masterswhich will inevitable lead to a different outcome (Saul, 2008).”

• cites Saul, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Temagami is a state of mind, an experience.

“Ultimately, Temagami is, as Back notes, “a state of mind”, an experience.”

• cites BackNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

To achieve decolonization, mere acknowledgment and superficial integration of Indigenous voices and values is not adequate.

“That is why to achieve decolonization, mere acknowledgment and superficial integration of indigenous voices and values is not adequate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

True reconciliation ultimately seeks to restore lands, self-sufficiency and political jurisdiction to First Nations while developing a just relationship between Indigenous peoples and Canada.

“This will not result in true reconciliation, which ultimately seeks to restores lands, self-sufficiency and political jurisdiction to First Nations while developing a just relationship between Indigenous peoples ad Canada (Centre for First Nations Governance, 2011).”

• cites Centre for First Nations Governance, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The dual nature between resource extraction and recreation has been a dominant theme in Temagami, contributing to the marginalization of the TAA.

“This dual nature between resource extraction and recreation has been a dominant theme in Temagami, contributing to the marginalization of the TAA.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Within TAA territory, Aboriginal peoples maintained the nastawgan, a network of trails and waterways which served as social organization; the territory was divided into hunting territory, each section looked after by a family clan.

“Within this territory Aboriginal peoples maintained the nastawgan, a network of trails and waterways which served as social organization.The territory was divided into hunting territory, with each section looked after by a family clan.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A management plan premised on co-existence goes beyond UNDRIP article 19 because the state will not need to 'obtain' consent; it will have no choice and is required to work with Indigenous peoples as equal partners.

“Thus, a management plan premised on co-existence goes beyond this.The state will not need to 'obtain' this; they will have no choice and are required to work with Indigenous peoples as equal partners.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

In light of Saul's analysis, settler and Indigenous worldviews can be complimentary, and the idea behind the two-row wampum should be advanced within planning in Canada.

“In light of Saul's analysis, it is not too absurd to think that the settler and Indigenous worldviews can be complimentary and thus the idea behind the two-row wampum should be advanced within planning in Canada.”

• cites SaulNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Wilderness is shaped and culturally constructed-it is not simply passive, out there, and untouched.

“Wilderness is shaped and culturally constructed -it is not simply passive, out there, and untouched.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Temagami Forest Reserve was established in 1901 for noninvasive wilderness recreation and industry interests, with the goal of resource conservation.

“The Temagami Forest Reserve was established in 1901 for noninvasive wilderness recreation, and industry interests, with the goal of resource conservation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

The single greatest failure of the Canadian experience so far has been the inability to normalize Aboriginals as the senior founding pillar of civilization.

“( 2008 p.21) contends that “the single greatest failure of the Canadian experience, so far, has been our inability to normalize Aboriginals as the senior founding pillar of our civilization”.”

• cites 2008 p.21Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Temagami has a special place in Canadian identity and has been a space of conflict and oppression, making it an ideal place to begin to move forward.

“As Temagami has such a special place in Canadian identity, and also been a space of conflict and oppression, this is an ideal place to begin to move forward.”

May combine two claims.

The co-existence model is not the drastic decolonization imagined in the literature but advances concepts from both UNDRIP and the TRC's Calls to Action.

“This model is not the drastic decolonization imaged in the literature, but it does advance concepts from both UNDRIP and the TRC's Calls to Action.”

May combine two claims.

Decolonization must recognize the primacy of land and Indigenous sovereignty; one cannot simply decolonize the mind.

“We cannot simply decolonize the mind, as decolonization must recognize the primacy of land and Indigenous sovereignty (Desai et al., 2012).”

• cites Desai et al., 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Developing a special planning area in Temagami will inevitably raise concerns over continuing development and resource extraction in the area.

“Developing a special planning area in Temagami will inevitably raise concerns over continuing development and resource extraction in the area.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Saul contends that we must develop a Canadian view that re-establishes Aboriginal peoples in their full and central place.

“Saul (2008) contends that we must develop a Canadian view that re-establishes Aboriginal peoples in their full and central place.”

• cites Saul (2008)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

This has implications for who has access to Temagami and who is represented in its landscape.

“This has implications for who has access to Temagami and who is represented in its landscape.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Beginning in the 1890s the area became a tourist destination and a popular place for youth camps.

“Beginning in the 1890s the area became a tourist destination and a popular place for youth camps.”

May combine two claims.

A return of land is often seen as the only true way to decolonize, and restoration of Indigenous relationships to land and practices is viewed as a threat to settler society.

“However, often a return of land is seen as the only true way to decolonize, as the literature has noted, restoration of Indigenous relationships to the land and practices is viewed as a threat to the settler society (Corntassel, 2012).”

• cites Corntassel, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Canadian identity has an embedded connection to the wilderness.

“To summarize, the main points of this theme point to questions of how Canadian identity has an embedded connection to the wilderness.”

May combine two claims.

The pairing of Canadian and wilderness has denied First Nations claims to land, as the wilderness as empty and vacant has erased their presence.

“The pairing of Canadian and wilderness has denied First Nations claims to land, as the wilderness asempty and vacant has erased their presence(Thorpe, 2012).”

• cites Thorpe, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Stevens (2013) discusses the linking of Ontario cottaging to national identity: Ontario summer homes are part of Canada's physical and cultural landscapes.

“Stevens (2013) discusses the linking of Ontario cottaging to national identity: Ontario summer homes are part of Canada's physical and cultural landscapes.”

• cites Stevens (2013)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Menan refers to the homeland and traditional territory of the Teme-Augama Anishnabai (TAA), stretching 10,360 square kilometers with Lake Temagami at the heart.

“Menan refers to the homeland, and traditional territory, of the Teme-Augama Anishnabai (TAA).This area stretches 10,360 square kilometers with Lake Temagami at the heart.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Planning has a problem-solving dimension, seeks to improve human existence, and is concerned with equality and sustainability.

“Planning has a problem solving dimension and seeks to improve human existence, and is concerned with equality and sustainability (Hibbard et al., 2008).”

• cites Hibbard et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Canada is a Métis nation; we are all both Indigenous and settlers.

“As Saul (2008) makes clear, Canada is a Métis nation: we are all both Indigenous and settlers.”

• cites Saul (2008)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

UNDRIP article 19 calls on governments to obtain free, prior, and informed consent from Indigenous peoples before implementing measures that may affect them.

“UNDRIP article 19, calls on governments to obtain free, prior, and informed consent from Indigenous peoples before implementing measures that may affect them.”

• cites UNDRIP article 19Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Decolonization necessarily unsettles.

“Decolonization necessarily unsettles.(Desai et al., 2012)”

• cites Desai et al., 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Reserves for First Nations are only a fraction of traditional territory pre-contact and are often in economically marginal areas of no use to European settlers.

“As Hibbard et al. point out, reserves for First Nations are only a fraction of what was part of the traditional territory pre-contact, but also often in economically marginal areasspace that was of no use to European settlers (2008).”

• cites Hibbard et al. (2008) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Saul contends that the idea of difference is central to Indigenous civilization; it is about creating relationships and balance.

“Saul (2008) contends, that the idea of difference is central to Indigenous civilization; it is about creating relationships and balance.”

• cites Saul (2008)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The TRC's Call to Action 79 calls on the government to integrate Indigenous history, heritage values, and memory practices into Canada's national heritage and history.

“The TRC's Call to Action 79, calls on the government to integrate Indigenous history, heritage values, and memory practices into Canada's national heritage and history (2015).”

• cites TRC 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The two-row wampum model advocates for settler and Indigenous societies to develop independent knowledge and management systems, operating side-by-side, and coming together to collaborate on decision-making and planning.

“Using these ideas, this model advocates for the two societies -settler and Indigenous -to develop independent knowledge and management systems, operating side-by-side, and coming together to collaborate on decision-making and planning (Berger et al., 2010).”

• cites Berger et al., 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Ontario was unwilling to create a reserve for the Temagami First Nation because the region was rich in timber and sub-ground resources, and is currently unwilling to negotiate a fair land claim.

“This observation explains why for so long Ontario was unwilling to create a reserve, (and currently unwilling to negotiate a fair land claim) for the Temagami First Nation, as the region was rich in timber and sub-ground resources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

At the heart of Canada lies the value of diversity-of fairness and inclusion.

“At the heart of Canada lies the value of diversity -of fairness and inclusion (Saul, 2008).”

• cites Saul, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Ontario game regulations had paternalistic notions of what conservation required, which conflicted with TAA approaches to conservation.

“Ontario game regulations had paternalistic notions of what conservation required, which was in conflict with TAA approaches to conservation.”

May combine two claims.

For the past 150 years or longer, power has been one-sided, with only the anglophone and francophone foundation leading; the third and original pillar of this country has been oppressed and forgotten.

“For the past 150 years, or arguably longer, power has been one-sided, with only the anglophone and francophone foundation leading the way.The third -and original -pillar of this country has been oppressed and forgotten (Saul, 2008).”

• cites Saul, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

We do not acknowledge that we are shaped by the Indigenous experience; we oppress this side of our identity.

“Our problem however, is that we do not acknowledge this; we oppress this side of our identity.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Turning the Canadian wilderness into a physical and psychological retreat meant erasing First Nations' presence on the land.

“Stevens explains that turning the Canadian wilderness into a physical and psychological retreat meant erasing First Nations' presence on the land.”

• cites StevensNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The Canadian model is that of a complex society functioning like an equally complex family within an ever-enlarging circle.

“Likewise, the Canadian model is that of a complex society functioning like an equally complex family within an ever-enlarging circle (Saul, 2008).”

• cites Saul, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The continued destabilization of the Indigenous pillar of Canada-the pillar that provides the real relationship to this place-destabilizes our whole society.

“The continued destabilization of the Indigenous pillar of Canada -the pillar that provides us with the real relationship to this place -destabilizes our whole society (Saul, 2008).”

• cites Saul, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The creation of a tourism resort in northern Ontario would have served the interests of southerners and those who view the space as a place of recreation.

“The creation of a tourism resort in northern Ontario would have served the interests of southerners and those who view the space as a place of recreation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Geography is history; through views towards the land, interactions, and how it is named is how a state is built.

“) argues that geography is history; through views towards the land, interactions, and how it is named is how a state is built.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Because the resort would have been developed on Chee-bay-jing, it directly insults the TAA, who view this place as sacred.

“As the resort would have been developed on Chee-bayjing, it directly insults the TAA, who view this place as sacred.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Schreyer (2014) argued that one way to gain control of lands is to illustrate use of language in that land.

“Schreyer (2014) argued that one way to gain control of lands is to illustrate use of language in that land.”

• cites Schreyer, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

If approved by the community, the TFN Land Code will transfer responsibility for administration of reserve land and resources, developing land laws, environmental protection, and land registry system from the Indian Act to the TFN.

“If the Land Code is approved by the community, the TFN will take over responsibility for the administration of reserve land and resourcesdeveloping land laws, environmental protection, and land registry system from the authority of the Indian Act.”

• cites TFN, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A just relationship must be based in political sovereignty.

“Hibbard et al. contend that a just relationship must be based in political sovereignty(2008).”

• cites Hibbard et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

TRC Call to Action 45 calls for a Royal Proclamation of Reconciliation that will reaffirm the nation-to-nation relationship between Aboriginal peoples and the Crown.

“The TRC's Call to Action 45, calls for a Royal Proclamation of Reconciliation that will reaffirm the nation-tonation relationship between Aboriginal peoples and the Crown (2015).”

• cites Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Increasing logging in the area caused the TAA to implement a land caution-an objection to Ontario's ownership of Crown Lands which halted any development-on the area encompassing n'Daki Menan, including Maple Mountain.

“This issue along with increasing logging in the area caused the TAA to implement a land caution -an objection to Ontario's ownership of Crown Lands which halted any development -on the area encompassing n'Daki Menan, which includes Maple Mountain (Benidickson & Hodgins, 1989).”

• cites Benidickson & Hodgins, 1989Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The settler presence in Temagami through non-Indigenous names diminishes the visibility and presence of peoples who have long called the space home and partially erases TAA heritage and history from the landscape.

“The settler presence in these places in Temagami through non-Indigenous names, is a act that diminishes the visibility and presence of peoples that have called this space their home long before tourists ventured there.”

• Also stated in: § "Reconciliation is not an Aboriginal problem; it is a Canadian one. Virtually all aspects of Canadian society may need to be reconsidered." -Truth and Reconciliation Commission · hedged

  “Perhaps not intentionally, yet it does partially work to erase the TAA's heritage and history from the landscape.”

May combine two claims.

Despite a land code, lands continue to be held by Her Majesty and remain a federal responsibility.

“Despite a land code, Canada's and these lands continue to be held by Her Majesty, where the land remains a federal responsibility.”

• cites LABRC, n.d.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The wilderness landscape holds a unique meaning to each individual, yet on a national scale is ingrained in our identity to which Canadians can each relate.

“The wilderness landscape holds a unique meaning to each individual, yet on a national scale is ingrained in our identity to which Canadians can each relate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

If we want to work towards a policy of inclusion, an understanding of the exclusionary effects of planning's past and ongoing practices and ideologies is necessary.

“If we want to work towards a policy of inclusion then an understanding of the exclusionary effects of planning's past [and ongoing] practices and ideologies is necessary(Sandercock, 1998).”

• cites Sandercock, 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

For too long Temagami has been portrayed as a vacant wilderness and space for recreation.

“For too long Temagami has been portrayed as a vacant wilderness and space for recreation.”

May combine two claims.

Under the Land Code, the First Nation does not have title to the land nor power to sell the land.

“The First Nation does not have title to the land, nor power to sell the land (LABRC, n.d.).”

• cites LABRC, n.d.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

History is often one-sided yet can include numerous mythologies and realities.

“History is often one-sided yet can include numerous mythologies and realities.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples requires obtaining Indigenous peoples' free, prior and informed consent before adopting and implementing legislative or administrative measures that may affect them.

“The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples states that there is a need to “obtain their free, prior and informed consent before adopting and implementing legislative or administrative measures that may affect them, ” (United Nations, 2008 p.8).”

• cites United Nations, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This sign builds awareness of the other side of Canada's historical identity.

“This builds awareness of the other side of Canada's historical identity.”

May combine two claims.

The Far North Act, 2010 was passed despite near unanimous First Nation opposition, raising concerns over inadequate consultation, lack of respect for treaty and Indigenous rights, and limited power sharing.

“The Far North Act, 2010 was passed despite near unanimous First Nation opposition, which raises concern over inadequate consultation, lack of respect for treaty and indigenous rights and limited power sharing (Alexiuk et al., 2013).”

• cites Alexiuk et al., 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Despite promoting the 'Temagami Experience', the Temagami Official Plan makes clear that Temagami is a space of resource extraction.

“Despite promoting the “Temagami Experience”, the OP also makes it clear that this is a space of resource extraction.”

• cites Temagami, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

If planning only goes as far as the 'duty to consult', First Nations will not become partners nor will a move towards reconciliation be achieved.

“If planning only go as faras the “duty to consult”, First Nations will not become partners nor will a move towards reconciliation be achieved.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Environmental groups and First Nations communities often have similar goals, but their underlying assumptions-such as land ownership-and means to achieve goals vary greatly.

“Often environmental groups and First Nations communities have similar goals, however the underlying assumptions -such as land ownership -and means to achieve goals vary greatly.”

May combine two claims.

The Reserve Land and Environment Management Program allows First Nations to opt out of Section 32 of the Indian Act to develop their own lands regarding land use, environment and natural resources and take advantage of economic development opportunities.

“The program allows First Nations to opt out of Section 32 of the Indian Act, in order to develop their own lands regarding land use, environment and natural resources and take advantage of economic development opportunities (AANDC, 2013).”

• cites AANDC, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Reconciliation, while a good first step, is at odds with Canadian settler society and does not account for power imbalances.

“Reconciliation, albeit a good first step, is at odds with the Canadian settler society and further, doesn't account for power imbalances.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

First Nations that have the capacity and responsibility to manage their own land are in better positions to attract economic opportunities into their communities to support development.

“It has been recognized that First Nations that have the capacity and responsibility to manage their own land are in better positions to attract economic opportunities into their communities to support development (AANDC, 2013).”

• cites AANDC, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The creation of the Land Code is the quickest and least confrontational approach to giving land-use authority powers back to First Nation governments.

“The creation of the Land Code is the quickest and the least non-confrontational approach to giving land-use authority powers back to First Nation governments (Cossey, 2013).”

• cites Cossey, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cronon (1998) states that wilderness often is seen as embodying the sublime, where mountains are perceived as cathedrals of the natural world.

“Cronon (1998) states that the wilderness often is seen as embodying the sublime; where mountains are perceived as cathedrals of the natural world.”

• cites Cronon, 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Canada insists on seeing the north through southern eyes, where northern cultures are treated as marginal.

“Canada insists on seeing the north through southern eyes, where northern cultures are treated as marginal(Saul, 2008;Berger et al., 2010)”

• cites Saul, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Berger et al., 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Temagami is perceived by visitors as sublime and is written about in that way.

“This is also how Temagami is perceived by visitors and is written about.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This narrative connects well with Indigenous worldviews of spirituality, specifically towards Chee-bay-jing.

“This narrative connects well with Indigenous worldviews of spirituality, specifically towards Chee-bay-jing.”