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The future of food allergy diagnosis

Wong, Dominic S. H., Santos, Alexandra F.·2024·Frontiers in Allergy
DOI 10.3389/falgy.2024.1456585PMC PMC11578968
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Abstract

Food allergy represents an increasing global health issue, significantly impacting society on a personal and on a systems-wide level. The gold standard for diagnosing food allergy, the oral food challenge, is time-consuming, expensive, and carries risks of allergic reactions, with unpredictable severity. There is, therefore, an urgent need for more accurate, scalable, predictive diagnostic techniques. In this review, we discuss possible future directions in the world of food allergy diagnosis. We start by describing the current clinical approach to food allergy diagnosis, highlighting novel diagnostic methods recommended for use in clinical practice, such as the basophil activation test and molecular allergology, and go on to discuss tests that require more research before they can be applied to routine clinical use, including the mast cell activation test and bead-based epitope assay. Finally, we consider exploratory approaches, such as IgE glycosylation, IgG4, T and B cell assays, microbiome analysis, and plasma cytokines. Artificial intelligence is assessed for potential integrated interpretation of panels of diagnostic tests. Overall, a framework is proposed suggesting how combining established and emerging technologies can effectively enhance the accuracy of food allergy diagnosis in the future.

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Figure 1 Recommended tests and their sequential use for diagnosis of food allergy in the new clinical guidelines for the diagnosis of IgE-mediated food allergy of the European academy of allergy and clinical immunology (EAACI). SPT, skin prick test; sIgE, specific IgE; MA, molecular allergology; BAT, basophil activation test.
Figure 1 Recommended tests and their sequential use for diagnosis of food allergy in the new clinical guidelines for the diagnosis of IgE-mediated food allergy of the European academy of allergy and clinical immunology (EAACI). SPT, skin prick test; sIgE, specific IgE; MA, molecular allergology; BAT, basophil activation test.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Framework for future directions in the diagnosis of IgE-mediated food allergy. BAT, basophil activation test; SPT, skin prick test; MA, molecular allergology; MAT, mast cell activation test; BBEA, bead-based epitope assay; AI, artificial intelligence.
Figure 2 Framework for future directions in the diagnosis of IgE-mediated food allergy. BAT, basophil activation test; SPT, skin prick test; MA, molecular allergology; MAT, mast cell activation test; BBEA, bead-based epitope assay; AI, artificial intelligence.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Wong, D. S. H., & Santos, A. F.
Venue
Frontiers in Allergy
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2024-11-07
Volume
5
ISSN
2673-6101
DOI
10.3389/falgy.2024.1456585
PMC
PMC11578968
Cited by
19
References
1
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

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Wong, D. S. H., & Santos, A. F. (2024). The future of food allergy diagnosis. Frontiers in Allergy. https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2024.1456585