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Cited by 24CO2 Sequestration and Geologic InteractionsMarine and coastal ecosystemsGeochemistry and Elemental Analysis

Disentangling artificial and natural benthic weathering in organic rich Baltic Sea sediments

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Fuhr, Michael, Wallmann, Klaus, Dale, Andrew W., Diercks, Isabel, Kalapurakkal, Habeeb Thanveer, Schmidt, Mark, Sommer, Stefan, Böhnke, Stefanie +2 more·2023·Frontiers in Climate
DOI 10.3389/fclim.2023.1245580
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Abstract

Enhanced mineral dissolution in the benthic environment is currently discussed as a potential technique for ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) to reduce atmospheric CO 2 levels. This study explores how biogeochemical processes affect the dissolution of alkaline minerals in surface sediments during laboratory incubation experiments. These involved introducing dunite and calcite to organic-rich sediments from the Baltic Sea under controlled conditions in an oxic environment. The sediment cores were incubated with Baltic Sea bottom water. Findings reveal that the addition of calcite increased the benthic alkalinity release from 0.4 μmol cm−2 d−1 (control) to 1.4 μmol cm−2 d−1 (calcite) as well as other weathering products such as calcium. However, these enhanced fluxes returned to lower fluxes after approximately 4 weeks yet still higher than the un-amended controls. Microbial activity appeared to be the primary driver for lowering pore water pH and thus enhanced weathering. In several sediment cores, pH profiles taken at the start of the experiments indicated activity of sulfur oxidizing Beggiatoa spp, which was verified by RNA-profiling of 16S rRNA genes. The pH profiles transitioned to those commonly associated with the activity of cable bacteria as the experiments progressed. The metabolic activity of cable bacteria would explain the significantly lower pH values (~5.6) at sediment depths of 1–3 cm, which would favor substantial calcite dissolution. However, a high abundance of cable bacteria was not reflected in 16S rRNA sequence data. Total alkalinity (TA) fluxes in these cores increased by a factor of ~3, with excess TA/calcium ratios indicating that the enhanced flux originated from calcite dissolution. The dissolution of dunite or the potential formation of secondary minerals could not be identified due to the strong natural flux of silicic acid, likely due to biogenic silica dissolution. Furthermore, no accumulation of potentially harmful metals such as nickel was observed, as highlighted as a potential risk in other studies concerning OAE. Given the complexity of sediment chemistry and changes of the benthic conditions induced by the incubation, it remains challenging to distinguish between natural and enhanced mineral weathering. Further investigation, including the identification of suitable tracers for mineral dissolution, are necessary to assess the feasibility of benthic weathering as a practical approach for OAE and climate change mitigation.

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  • In cohesive sediment with little porewater advection, porewater is likely to become saturated with respect to the feedstock, slowing dissolution of buried particles.

    “In cohesive sediment with little porewater advection, porewater is likely to become saturated with respect to the feedstock, slowing dissolution of buried particles. 20,21”

    From A framework for understanding efficiency losses of Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (2026) · cites this paper as [21]

    The section “Evaluation of enhanced and natural calcite weathering” states that calcite dissolves only in undersaturated porewater and that accumulated weathering products raise its saturation state, reducing dissolution potential. The Results also show added grains becoming buried. The paper does not establish that low porewater advection in cohesive sediment makes saturation likely, and its saturation analysis concerns calcite rather than feedstocks generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Fuhr, M., Wallmann, K., Dale, A. W., Diercks, I., Kalapurakkal, H. T., Schmidt, M., Sommer, S., Böhnke, S., Perner, M., & Geilert, S.
Affiliations
  • GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (DE)
  • Utrecht University (NL)
Corresponding author
Fuhr, Michael
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Climate
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2023-10-24
Volume
5
ISSN
2624-9553 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fclim.2023.1245580
OpenAlex
W4388271180
Cited by
24
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5
FWCI
1.90
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Climate (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) (acceptedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
Keywords
ocean alkalinity enhancement, calcite dissolution, dunite, organic-rich sediments, Baltic Sea sediments, cable bacteria, Beggiatoa, sulfur oxidation, microbial activity, pore water pH, silicic acid, biogenic silica dissolution, nickel, climate change mitigation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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