Open Science, Open Data, and Open Scholarship: European Policies to Make Science Fit for the Twenty-First Century
Open accessAbstract
Open science will make science more efficient, reliable, and responsive to societal challenges. The European Commission has sought to advance open science policy from its inception in a holistic and integrated way, covering all aspects of the research cycle from scientific discovery and review to sharing knowledge, publishing, and outreach. We present the steps taken with a forward-looking perspective on the challenges laying ahead, in particular the necessary change of the rewards and incentives system for researchers (for which various actors are co-responsible and which goes beyond the mandate of the European Commission). Finally, we discuss the role of artificial intelligence (AI) within an open science perspective.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Some systems are open in name only.
“some systems are open in name only.”
From Rethinking open source generative AI: open washing and the EU AI Act (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
The ‘European Holistic Policy to Open Science’ section reports non-interoperable services and limited access to research data, supporting the concern that practical openness is incomplete. It does not say that any particular systems call themselves open while being open in name only; no page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUbiquity and free availability are not equal to openness and transparency.
“Ubiquity and free availability are not equal to openness and transparency [3, 9, 21].”
From Rethinking open source generative AI: open washing and the EU AI Act (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
In “Open Science Is Science for the Twenty-First Century” (page unavailable), the paper says open science is more than a technology-driven change. “European Holistic Policy to Open Science” (page unavailable) says accessible data alone are insufficient: data must also be findable, interoperable, and reusable. This supports the distinction in broad terms, but the paper does not specifically equate ubiquity or free availability with the inadequate conditions described in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship
Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., Blomberg, N., Boiten, J.-W., da Silva Santos, L. B., Bourne, P. E., et al. (2016) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/sdata.2016.18 · Cited by 18,423 · see citing works
Data Sharing by Scientists: Practices and Perceptions
Tenopir, C., Allard, S., Douglass, K., Aydinoglu, A. U., Wu, L., Read, E., Manoff, M., & Frame, M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021101 · Cited by 1,432 · see citing works
An Overview of Microsoft Academic Service (MAS) and Applications
Sinha, A., Shen, Z., Song, Y., Ma, H., Eide, D., Hsu, B.-J. P., & Wang, K. (2015) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/2740908.2742839 · Cited by 968 · see citing works
Sharing Detailed Research Data Is Associated with Increased Citation Rate
Piwowar, H. A., Day, R. S., & Fridsma, D. B. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000308 · Cited by 881 · see citing works
Wallis, J. C., Rolando, E., & Borgman, C. L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067332 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Piwowar, H. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/493159a · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Ensuring the data-rich future of the social sciences
King, G. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1197872 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
FAIRsharing as a community approach to standards, repositories and policies
Community, T. F., Sansone, S., McQuilton, P., Rocca‐Serra, P., Gonzalez-Beltran, A. N., Izzo, M., Lister, A., & Thurston, M. (2019) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-019-0080-8 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
What Drives Academic Data Sharing?
Fecher, B., Friesike, S., & Hebing, M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118053 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Data archiving in ecology and evolution: best practices
Whitlock, M. C. (2010) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2010.11.006 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Evans, J. A., & Foster, J. G. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1201765 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Improving Validation Practices in “Omics” Research
Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Khoury, M. J. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1211811 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Show Your Work: Improved Reporting of Experimental Results
Dodge, J., Gururangan, S., Card, D., Schwartz, R., & Smith, N. A. (2019) · Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/d19-1224 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
A design framework and exemplar metrics for FAIRness
Wilkinson, M. D., Sansone, S., Schultes, E., et al. (2018) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.118 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Research data explored: an extended analysis of citations and altmetrics
Peters, I., Kraker, P., Lex, E., Gumpenberger, C., & Gorraiz, J. I. (2016) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-016-1887-4 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Data archiving is a good investment
Piwowar, H., Vision, T., & Whitlock, M. C. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/473285a · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The Essential Nature of Sharing in Science
Fischer, B., & Zigmond, M. J. (2010) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-010-9239-x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Putting open science into practice: A social dilemma?
Scheliga, K., & Friesike, S. (2014) · First Monday · doi:10.5210/fm.v19i9.5381 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Architectures of Knowledge: The European Open Science Cloud
Budroni, P., Claude-Burgelman, J., & Schouppe, M. (2019) · ABI-Technik · doi:10.1515/abitech-2019-2006 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationvon Schomberg, R. (2019) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781784718862.00006 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Science 2.0 (change will happen….)
Burgelman, J., Osimo, D., & Bogdanowicz, M. (2010) · First Monday · doi:10.5210/fm.v15i7.2961 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationA serological survey on viral haemorrhagic fevers in liberia
Knobloch, J., Albiez, E. J., & SCHMITZ, H. E. (1982) · Annales de l Institut Pasteur Virologie · doi:10.1016/s0769-2617(82)80028-2 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Szkuta, K., & Osimo, D. (2016) · foresight · doi:10.1108/fs-06-2014-0040 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationOpportunities in Open Science With AI
Wang, K. (2019) · Frontiers in Big Data · doi:10.3389/fdata.2019.00026 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Costas, R., Meijer, I., Zahedi, Z., et al. (2013) · Leiden Repository (Leiden University) · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Elsevier (2018). Artificial Intelligence: How Knowledge Is Created, Transferred, and Used -Trends in China, Europe and United States. Elsevier.
- European Commission (2016a). Open Innovation, Open Science, Open to the World. A Vision for Europe. Directorate General for Research and Innovation. 10.2777/061652. · DOI
- National Academies of Sciences Engineering, and Medicine. (2018). Open Science by Design: Realizing a Vision for 21st Century Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 30212065
- Pascu C. Osimo D. Ulbrich M. Turlea G. Burgelman J.-C. (2007). The Potential Disruptive Impact of Internet2 Based Technologies, Vol. 12. Available online at: https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1630
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Liesenfeld, A., Lopez, A., & Dingemanse, M. (2023) · Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Conversational User Interfaces · doi:10.1145/3571884.3604316 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Rethinking open source generative AI: open washing and the EU AI Act
Liesenfeld, A., & Dingemanse, M. (2024) · The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency · doi:10.1145/3630106.3659005 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Ubiquity and free availability are not equal to openness and transparency [3, 9, 21].”
BackgroundMessing with Merton: The intersection between Open Science practices and Mertonian values
Hosseini, M., Senabre Hidalgo, E., Horbach, S. P. J. M., Guttinger, S., & Penders, B. (2022) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/9nyh8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
From Data Islands to Knowledge Networks in Tribology: Understanding the Modern Data Architecture
Garabedian, N., & Tysoe, W. T. (2026) · Tribology Letters · doi:10.1007/s11249-026-02179-0
- Authors
- Burgelman, J.-C., Pascu, C., Szkuta, K., Von Schomberg, R., Karalopoulos, A., Repanas, K., & Schouppe, M.
- Affiliations
- European Commission (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Pascu, Corina
- Venue
- Frontiers in Big Data
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-12-10
- Volume
- 2
- Pages
- 43-43
- ISSN
- 2624-909X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7931888
- OpenAlex
- W2994890174
- Cited by
- 215
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 12
- FWCI
- 30.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Big Data (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (cc-by)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Research Data Management Practices
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Academic Publishing and Open Access
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Research, Science, and Academia
- Keywords
- open science, open data, open scholarship, European Union research policy, European Commission, research incentives, research evaluation, knowledge sharing, scholarly publishing, artificial intelligence in research, research cycle
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
