Commentary: The desire of medical students to integrate artificial intelligence into medical education: An opinion article
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AI knowledge that matters Computational and programming proceduresFrommeyer et al. (5), and more recently Ravindran (4), gave some convincing arguments for the practical benefits of using AI tools, which operate on the basis of machine learning (ML), in the provision of certain healthcare services.These
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Contributions elaborated mainly or solely by medical students strongly call for the inclusion of AI education in medical curricula; students were enthusiastic about learning AI and recognized its crucial role in the future of medicine, but reported a lack of formal AI training and insufficient AI-related learning opportunities; researchers and educators also demanded inclusion of AI in medical Cur
“Finally, contributions elaborated mainly or solely by medical students strongly call for the inclusion of AI education in medical curricula [50–54]. Students were enthusiastic about learning AI and recognized its crucial role in the future of medicine [45, 55]. However, they reported a lack of formal AI training and insufficient AI-related learning opportunities in their medical education [46, 56,”
From Artificial intelligence in undergraduate medical education: an updated scoping review (2025) · cites this paper as [51]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOne of the two publications identified in the updated literature search lacks specification on teaching modalities or integration of AI ethics teaching content.
“While one of the two publications that were identified throughout the updated literature research lacks specification on teaching modalities or the integration of AI ethics teaching content [51]”
From Teaching AI Ethics in Medical Education: A Scoping Review of Current Literature and Practices (2023) · cites this paper as [51]
Neither of the two new publications provides a clear definition of AI ethics or specific teaching content.
“Both publications underscore the significance of ethics in the context of AI usage in medicine, with references to potential bias [50] and ethical principles concerning AI data utilization [51]; however, they fail to provide a clear definition of AI ethics or specific teaching content.”
From Teaching AI Ethics in Medical Education: A Scoping Review of Current Literature and Practices (2023) · cites this paper as [51]
Both new publications underscore the significance of ethics in the context of AI usage in medicine, with references to potential bias and ethical principles concerning AI data utilization.
“Both publications underscore the significance of ethics in the context of AI usage in medicine, with references to potential bias [50] and ethical principles concerning AI data utilization [51]; however, they fail to provide a clear definition of AI ethics or specific teaching content.”
From Teaching AI Ethics in Medical Education: A Scoping Review of Current Literature and Practices (2023) · cites this paper as [51]
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Cites
High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and artificial intelligence
Topol, E. J. (2019) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0300-7 · Cited by 10,450 · see citing works
The potential for artificial intelligence in healthcare
Davenport, T., & Kalakota, R. (2019) · Future Healthcare Journal · doi:10.7861/futurehosp.6-2-94 · Cited by 3,800 · see citing works
Second opinion needed: Communicating uncertainty in medical machine learning
Kompa, B., Snoek, J., & Beam, A. L. (2021) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-020-00367-3 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Lam, C., Siefkas, A. C., Zelin, N. S., Barnes, G., Dellinger, R. P., Vincent, J., Braden, G. L., Burdick, H., Hoffman, J. L., Calvert, J. S., et al. (2021) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.03.016 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Frommeyer, T. C., Fursmidt, R. M., Gilbert, M. M., & Bett, E. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2022.831123 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Heading Toward Trusted ATCO-AI Systems: A Literature ReviewPreprint
Zhong, J. Y. (2021) · doi:10.31224/osf.io/t769b · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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A scoping review of artificial intelligence in medical education: BEME Guide No. 84
Gordon, M., Daniel, M., Ajiboye, A., Uraiby, H., Xu, N. Y., Bartlett, R., Hanson, J., Haas, M., Spadafore, M., Grafton-Clarke, C., et al. (2024) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2024.2314198 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Teaching AI Ethics in Medical Education: A Scoping Review of Current Literature and Practices
Weidener, L., & Fischer, M. (2023) · Perspectives on Medical Education · doi:10.5334/pme.954 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“A widely anticipated difficulty in teaching AI ethics, or AI in general, as part of medical education, is the lack of sufficient teaching staff or knowledge on the part of existing teaching staff [42, 46, 49–51, 53, 54].”
BackgroundInfluentialArtificial intelligence in undergraduate medical education: an updated scoping review
Simoni, J., Urtubia-Fernandez, J., Mengual, E., Simoni, D. A., Royo, M., Egaña-Yin, D., Hertog, O. L. A., López-Ortiz, L., Muñoz-Tomás, A., Santiago-Martínez, P., et al. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-08188-2 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Izquierdo‐Condoy, J. S., Arias-Intriago, M., Corrales, L. M., & Ortiz‐Prado, E. (2026) · JMIR Medical Education · doi:10.2196/77127 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Jacobs, C., Johnson, H., Brownlie, K., Joiner, R., & Thompson, T. (2026) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/88905 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ong, M. J., Ung, S. Y., Goh, S. K., & Zhong, J. Y. (2026) · Advanced technology in neuroscience . · doi:10.4103/atn.atn-d-26-00007 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationIn Defense of Note Writing: Moral Formation and the Use of AI Scribes
Briscoe, J., Elmore, M., Tanzillo, D., & Frush, B. W. (2026) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-026-10771-2
Plett, C., Galuppo, I., Koutsouleris, N., Schulze, T. G., Falkai, P., Horrer, A., & Wiegand, A. (2025) · JMIR Medical Education · doi:10.2196/88317
- Authors
- Zhong, J. Y., & Fischer, N. L.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Zhong, Jimmy Y.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Digital Health
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-04-06
- Volume
- 5
- Pages
- 1151390-1151390
- ISSN
- 2673-253X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10117773
- OpenAlex
- W4362671182
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Digital Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Innovations in Medical Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Keywords
- artificial intelligence in medical education, medical students, student attitudes, machine learning, AI tools, computational skills, programming education
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