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Holocene Environmental Dynamics of the Lago Cochrane/Pueyrredón Valley, Central West Patagonia (47°S)

Maldonado, Antonio, de Porras, María Eugenia, Martel-Cea, Alejandra, Reyes, Omar, Nuevo-Delaunay, Amalia, Méndez, César·2022·Frontiers in Earth Science
DOI 10.3389/feart.2022.833637
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Abstract

Deglaciation modeling of the Patagonian Ice Field since the Last Glacial Maximum has been a topic of intensive research in Central West Patagonia (44°–49°S). However, the chronology of deglaciation onset, acceleration, and the subsequent thinning and recession of the different ice lobes as well as the timing and extension of large proglacial systems are still a matter of discussion. The maximum eastward extension the Lago Cochrane/Pueyrredón ice lobe was around ∼20,000–27,000 cal yrs BP; its associated proglacial lake drained toward the Pacific between 12,600 and 8,000 cal yrs BP. This study presents the first two pollen and charcoal records from the Lago Cochrane/Pueyrredón valley, spanning the last 11,650 cal yrs BP. The Laguna Maldonado record spans between 11,650 and 8,500 cal yrs BP, while the Laguna Anónima record the last 8,500 cal yrs BP, thereby overlapping chronologically. The lithological record of Laguna Maldonado shows that organic sedimentation began at the onset of the Holocene (11,650 cal yrs BP), once the site was free of glacio-lacustrine influence. Between 11,650 and 10,500 cal yrs BP, an open Nothofagus forest developed associated with high fire occurrence/frequency, followed by a transitional phase to a closer forest associated with a shift from low to high fire activity up to 9,400 cal yrs BP. Between 9,400 and 8,500 cal yrs BP, the Laguna Maldonado record suggests the development of an open forest or probably scattered patches of forest of variable size in a steppe matrix, probably related to geomorphological and paraglacial dynamics as well as climatic forcings, while the Laguna Anónima record indicates the development of a closed Nothofagus forest and high to low fire occurrence/frequency from 8,200 to 3,800 cal yrs BP. Since 3,800 cal yrs BP, a highly dynamic open forest or forest patches scattered in a grass/shrub–grass steppe matrix occurred around Laguna Anónima associated with high fire occurrence/frequency synchronous with an important increase in the presence of hunter-gatherers during the last 3,000 years. The results from the Lago Cochrane/Pueyrredón valley are integrated and discussed at the regional scale alongside other records from Central West Patagonia.

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Image 1
CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 1 (A) Map of South America showing the study area location; (B) digital elevation model (DEM) showing the location of Laguna Maldonado (LMA) and Laguna Anónima (LLA), main glacial geomorphological features (moraines; modified from Bendle et al., 2017; Thorndycraft et al., 2019; Davies et al., 2018, 2020), and sites mentioned in the text; (C) vegetation map (taken from Luebert and Pliscoff, 2017) showing the steep west -east gradient and the locations of the paleoenvironmental records reported in this paper and previously published; (D) satellite image of the western and southern coasts of Lago Cochrane showing the location of LMA and LLA; photographs of (E) LMA and (F) LLA.
FIGURE 1 (A) Map of South America showing the study area location; (B) digital elevation model (DEM) showing the location of Laguna Maldonado (LMA) and Laguna Anónima (LLA), main glacial geomorphological features (moraines; modified from Bendle et al., 2017; Thorndycraft et al., 2019; Davies et al., 2018, 2020), and sites mentioned in the text; (C) vegetation map (taken from Luebert and Pliscoff, 2017) showing the steep west -east gradient and the locations of the paleoenvironmental records reported in this paper and previously published; (D) satellite image of the western and southern coasts of Lago Cochrane showing the location of LMA and LLA; photographs of (E) LMA and (F) LLA.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 2 Radiocarbon ages, lithology, and loss-on-ignition results of (A) LMA0608B and (B) LLA 0607A cores. Letters represent tephra layers described by Stern et al. (2016), and dashed horizontal lines indicate the core boundaries.
FIGURE 2 Radiocarbon ages, lithology, and loss-on-ignition results of (A) LMA0608B and (B) LLA 0607A cores. Letters represent tephra layers described by Stern et al. (2016), and dashed horizontal lines indicate the core boundaries.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 3 Age -depth models of (A) Laguna Maldonado and (B) Laguna Anónima records.
FIGURE 3 Age -depth models of (A) Laguna Maldonado and (B) Laguna Anónima records.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 4 Pollen diagrams of (A) Laguna Maldonado and (B) Laguna Anónima in percentages including the total pollen accumulation rate (PAR; grains cm -3 year -1 ), the deposition time (year cm -1 ), and the CONISS analysis. Dashed lines denote the pollen zones, and gray horizontal lines denote the position of tephra layers. Gray shadows in some curves of pollen types indicate an exaggeration factor of 4x.
FIGURE 4 Pollen diagrams of (A) Laguna Maldonado and (B) Laguna Anónima in percentages including the total pollen accumulation rate (PAR; grains cm -3 year -1 ), the deposition time (year cm -1 ), and the CONISS analysis. Dashed lines denote the pollen zones, and gray horizontal lines denote the position of tephra layers. Gray shadows in some curves of pollen types indicate an exaggeration factor of 4x.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE5 Charcoal accumulation rates (CHARinterpol and CHARback), inferred fire events, fire peak magnitudes, and fire event frequency of (A) Laguna Maldonado and (B) Laguna Anónima. (C) Composite curve of the charcoal series of Laguna Maldonado and Laguna Anónima records summarizing biomass burning over time. The gray shadow indicates the 95% confidence interval.
FIGURE5 Charcoal accumulation rates (CHARinterpol and CHARback), inferred fire events, fire peak magnitudes, and fire event frequency of (A) Laguna Maldonado and (B) Laguna Anónima. (C) Composite curve of the charcoal series of Laguna Maldonado and Laguna Anónima records summarizing biomass burning over time. The gray shadow indicates the 95% confidence interval.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 6 Integration of selected paleoenvironmental data from CWP since the LGM showing (A) the chronology of the Chacabuco and Lago Cochrane/ Pueyrredón main moraines and the deglaciation stages of Lago Buenos Aires/General Carrera and Lago Cochrane/Pueyrredón proposed by Hein et al., 2009, 2010; Villa-Martínez et al., 2012; Boex et al., 2013; Turner et al., 2005; Glasser et al., 2012; Davies et al., 2018, 2020; Thorndycraft et al., 2019; (B) Lago Edita arboreal pollen percentages (Henríquez et al., 2017); (C) Lago Augusta summarized pollen diagram (Villa-Martínez et al., 2012); (D) a summarized pollen diagram (%) of Laguna Maldonado; (E) raw composite charcoal series as a proxy of biomass burning from LMA and LLA; (F) a summarized pollen diagram (%) of Laguna Anónima; (G) Mallín Casanova vegetation changes, fire-episode frequency, and square chord distance as a proxy of vegetation change magnitude (Iglesias et al., 2018); (H) summed probability distribution curve of archeological 14 C ages from the eastern side of the NPI (Nuevo Delaunay et al., 2022).
FIGURE 6 Integration of selected paleoenvironmental data from CWP since the LGM showing (A) the chronology of the Chacabuco and Lago Cochrane/ Pueyrredón main moraines and the deglaciation stages of Lago Buenos Aires/General Carrera and Lago Cochrane/Pueyrredón proposed by Hein et al., 2009, 2010; Villa-Martínez et al., 2012; Boex et al., 2013; Turner et al., 2005; Glasser et al., 2012; Davies et al., 2018, 2020; Thorndycraft et al., 2019; (B) Lago Edita arboreal pollen percentages (Henríquez et al., 2017); (C) Lago Augusta summarized pollen diagram (Villa-Martínez et al., 2012); (D) a summarized pollen diagram (%) of Laguna Maldonado; (E) raw composite charcoal series as a proxy of biomass burning from LMA and LLA; (F) a summarized pollen diagram (%) of Laguna Anónima; (G) Mallín Casanova vegetation changes, fire-episode frequency, and square chord distance as a proxy of vegetation change magnitude (Iglesias et al., 2018); (H) summed probability distribution curve of archeological 14 C ages from the eastern side of the NPI (Nuevo Delaunay et al., 2022).CC-BY · From the PDF

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Authors
Maldonado, A., de Porras, M. E., Martel-Cea, A., Reyes, O., Nuevo-Delaunay, A., & Méndez, C.
Venue
Frontiers in Earth Science
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2022-04-05
Volume
10
ISSN
2296-6463
DOI
10.3389/feart.2022.833637
Cited by
13
References
2
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
  • Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico, Tecnológico y de Innovación Tecnológica (1180306 1210042 1210045)
  • Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Regional R20F0002)
  • National Geographic Society (HJ-150R-17)

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