Regulation of Gastrointestinal Motility by Motilin and Ghrelin in Vertebrates
Open accessAbstract
The energy balance of vertebrates is regulated by the difference in energy input and energy expenditure. Generally, most vertebrates obtain their energy from nutrients of foods through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Therefore, food intake and following food digestion, including motility of the GI tract, secretion and absorption, are crucial physiological events for energy homeostasis. GI motility changes depending on feeding, and GI motility is divided into fasting (interdigestive) and postprandial (digestive) contraction patterns. GI motility is controlled by contractility of smooth muscles of the GI tract, extrinsic and intrinsic neurons (motor and sensory) and some hormones. In mammals, ghrelin (GHRL) and motilin (MLN) stimulate appetite and GI motility and contribute to the regulation of energy homeostasis. GHRL and MLN are produced in the mucosal layer of the stomach and upper small intestine, respectively. GHRL is a multifunctional peptide and is involved in glucose metabolism, endocrine/exocrine functions and cardiovascular and reproductive functions, in addition to feeding and GI motility in mammals. On the other hand, the action of MLN is restricted and species such as rodentia, including mice and rats, lack MLN peptide and its receptor. From a phylogenetic point of view, GHRL and its receptor GHS-R1a have been identified in various vertebrates, and their structural features and various physiological functions have been revealed. On the other hand, MLN or MLN-like peptide (MLN-LP) and its receptors have been found only in some fish, birds and mammals. Here, we review the actions of GHRL and MLN with a focus on contractility of the GI tract of species from fish to mammals.
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Ginger may raise circulating concentrations of ghrelin.
“ginger may raise circulating concentrations of ghrelin, which stimulates GI motility in mammals [39, 40].”
From The effects of ginger supplementation on common gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [40]
The GHRL > Mammals > Human section (page unavailable) reports that ghrelin stimulates gastric motility and accelerates gastric emptying in healthy human volunteers. It does not address whether ginger raises circulating ghrelin; searches for ginger and ginger extract found no supporting passage. Thus the source supports the sentence’s ghrelin–motility clause, but not its ginger claim. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGhrelin stimulates GI motility in mammals.
“ginger may raise circulating concentrations of ghrelin, which stimulates GI motility in mammals [39, 40].”
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
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“In addition, ginger may raise circulating concentrations of ghrelin, which stimulates GI motility in mammals [39, 40].”
BackgroundMaltodextrin alleviates constipation induced by loperamide hydrochloride in mice
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- Authors
- Kitazawa, T., & Kaiya, H.
- Affiliations
- Rakuno Gakuen University (JP)
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Kitazawa, Takio
- Venue
- Frontiers in Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-05-17
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 278-278
- ISSN
- 1664-2392 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6533539
- OpenAlex
- W2946699235
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23570081, 26440174, 26440169)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- gastrointestinal motility, motilin, ghrelin, energy homeostasis, GHS-R1a, postprandial motility, smooth muscle contractility, appetite regulation, phylogenetic distribution, fish, birds, mammals
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