Biological, Physiological, Pathophysiological, and Pharmacological Aspects of Ghrelin

van der Lely, Aart J.; Tschöp, Matthias; Heiman, Mark L.; Ghigo, Ezio

doi:10.1210/er.2002-0029

Cited by 1,187Regulation of Appetite and ObesityGrowth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth FactorsHypothalamic control of reproductive hormones

Biological, Physiological, Pathophysiological, and Pharmacological Aspects of Ghrelin

van der Lely, Aart J., Tschöp, Matthias, Heiman, Mark L., Ghigo, Ezio·2004·Endocrine Reviews

DOI 10.1210/er.2002-0029

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Abstract

Ghrelin is a peptide predominantly produced by the stomach. Ghrelin displays strong GH-releasing activity. This activity is mediated by the activation of the so-called GH secretagogue receptor type 1a. This receptor had been shown to be specific for a family of synthetic, peptidyl and nonpeptidyl GH secretagogues. Apart from a potent GH-releasing action, ghrelin has other activities including stimulation of lactotroph and corticotroph function, influence on the pituitary gonadal axis, stimulation of appetite, control of energy balance, influence on sleep and behavior, control of gastric motility and acid secretion, and influence on pancreatic exocrine and endocrine function as well as on glucose metabolism. Cardiovascular actions and modulation of proliferation of neoplastic cells, as well as of the immune system, are other actions of ghrelin. Therefore, we consider ghrelin a gastrointestinal peptide contributing to the regulation of diverse functions of the gut-brain axis. So, there is indeed a possibility that ghrelin analogs, acting as either agonists or antagonists, might have clinical impact.

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A large body of evidence supports the hypothesis that ghrelin acts on growth hormone secretion, at least in part, via stimulation of GHRH.
“A large body of evidence supports the hypothesis that ghrelin acts on GH secretion, at least in part, via a stimulation of GHRH [39, 50, 192]”
From Sleep and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as [192]
Leptin secretion is inhibited by sympathetic activity and ghrelin secretion is inhibited by parasympathetic activity.
“Since leptin secretion is inhibited by sympathetic activity [65] and ghrelin secretion is inhibited by parasympathetic activity [66], the changes in the activity of autonomic nervous system observed with sleep loss may be involved in the simultaneous reduction of leptin and increase of ghrelin.”
From Role of sleep duration in the regulation of glucose metabolism and appetite (2010) · cites this paper as [66]

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A-like cells in the rat stomach contain ghrelin and do not operate under gastrin control
de la Cour, C. D., Björkqvist, M., Sandvik, A. K., Bakke, I., Zhao, C., Chen, D., & Håkanson, R. (2001) · Regulatory Peptides · doi:10.1016/s0167-0115(01)00243-9 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Purification and Characterization of Rat des-Gln14-Ghrelin, a Second Endogenous Ligand for the Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor
Hosoda, H., Kojima, M., Matsuo, H., & Kangawa, K. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m002784200 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Endocrine Activities of Ghrelin, a Natural Growth Hormone Secretagogue (GHS), in Humans: Comparison and Interactions with Hexarelin, a Nonnatural Peptidyl GHS, and GH-Releasing Hormone
Arvat, E. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.86.3.1169 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Molecular Analysis of Rat Pituitary and Hypothalamic Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptors
McKee, K. K., Palyha, O. C., Feighner, S. D., Hreniuk, D. L., Tan, C. P., Phillips, M. S., Smith, R. G., der Ploeg, L. H. T. V., & Howard, A. D. (1997) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend.11.4.9908 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Systemic Administration of Ghrelin Induces Fos and Egr‐1 Proteins in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus of Fasted and Fed Rats
Hewson, A. K., & Dickson, S. L. (2000) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.2000.00584.x · Cited by 357 · see citing works
A Role of Ghrelin in Neuroendocrine and Behavioral Responses to Stress in Mice
Asakawa, A., Inui, A., Kaga, T., Yuzuriha, H., Nagata, T., Fujimiya, M., Katsuura, G., Makino, S., Fujino, M., & Kasuga, M. (2001) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000054680 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Balance in Ghrelin and Leptin Plasma Levels in Anorexia Nervosa Patients and Constitutionally Thin Women
Tolle, V., Kadem, M., Bluet‐Pajot, M., Frère, D., Foulon, C., Bossu, C., Dardennes, R. M., Mounier, C., Zizzari, P., Lang, F., et al. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020645 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Expression of Ghrelin and of the GH Secretagogue Receptor by Pancreatic Islet Cells and Related Endocrine Tumors
Volante, M., Allìa, E., Gugliotta, P., Funaro, A., Broglio, F., Deghenghi, R., Muccioli, G., Ghigo, E., & Papotti, M. G. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.87.3.8279 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Self-citation
High Circulating Ghrelin: A Potential Cause for Hyperphagia and Obesity in Prader-Willi Syndrome
DelParigi, A., Tschöp, M. H., Heiman, M. L., Salbe, A. D., de Courten, B. V., Sell, S. M., Bunt, J. C., & Tataranni, P. A. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020871 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Self-citation
Novel Expression and Functional Role of Ghrelin in Rat Testis
Tena‐Sempere, M., Barreiro, M. L., Gonzalez, L., Gaytán, F., Zhang, F., Caminos, J. E., Pinilla, L., Casanueva, F. F., Diéguez, C., & Aguilar, E. (2002) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.143.2.8646 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
A Nonpeptidyl Growth Hormone Secretagogue
Smith, R. G., Cheng, K., Schoen, W. R., Pong, S., Hickey, G. J., Jacks, T., Butler, B., CHAN, W. W.-S., Chaung, L. Y., Judith, F. R., et al. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8503009 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Ghrelin Induces Fasted Motor Activity of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Conscious Fed Rats
Fujino, K., Inui, A., Asakawa, A., Kihara, N., Fujimura, M., & Fujimiya, M. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.040600 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Identification, Characterization, and Biological Activity of Specific Receptors for Natural (Ghrelin) and Synthetic Growth Hormone Secretagogues and Analogs in Human Breast Carcinomas and Cell Lines1
Cassoni, P., Papotti, M., Ghé, C., Catapano, F., Sapino, A., Graziani, A., Deghenghi, R., Reissmann, T., Ghigo, E., & Muccioli, G. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.4.7402 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Self-citation
Kidney produces a novel acylated peptide, ghrelin
Mori, K., Yoshimoto, A., Takaya, K., Hosoda, K., Ariyasu, H., Yahata, K., Mukoyama, M., Sugawara, A., Hosoda, H., Kojima, M., et al. (2000) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(00)02308-5 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Design and biological activities of L-163,191 (MK-0677): a potent, orally active growth hormone secretagogue.
Patchett, A. A., Nargund, R. P., Tata, J. R., Chen, M. H., Barakat, K. J., Johnston, D. B., Cheng, K., CHAN, W. W.-S., Butler, B., & Hickey, G. J. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.15.7001 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Ghrelin-producing cells exist as two types of cells, closed- and opened-type cells, in the rat gastrointestinal tract
Sakata, I., Nakamura, K., Yamazaki, M., Matsubara, M., Hayashi, Y., Kangawa, K., & Sakai, T. (2002) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/s0196-9781(01)00633-7 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
GH, GH Receptor, GH Secretagogue Receptor, and Ghrelin Expression in Human T Cells, B Cells, and Neutrophils
Hattori, N., Saito, T., Yagyu, T., Jiang, B., Kitagawa, K., & Inagaki, C. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.9.7866 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
The Expression of the Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor Ligand Ghrelin in Normal and Abnormal Human Pituitary and Other Neuroendocrine Tumors1
Korbonits, M., Bustin, S. A., Kojima, M., Jordan, S., Adams, E. F., Lowe, D. G., Kangawa, K., & Grossman, A. B. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.2.7190 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Growth Hormone (GH)-Releasing Peptide Stimulates GH Release in Normal Men and Acts Synergistically with GH-Releasing Hormone*
Bowers, C. Y., Reynolds, G. A., DURHAM, D., Barrera, C. M., Pezzoli, S. S., Thorner, M. O., Forloni, F., Pinchera, A., & Faglia, G. (1990) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-70-4-975 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Dose-Dependent Inhibition by Ghrelin of Insulin Secretion in the Mouse
Reimer, M. K., Pacini, G., & Åhrén, B. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2002-220819 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Ghrelin and Adipose Tissue Regulatory Peptides: Effect of Gastric Bypass Surgery in Obese Humans
Holdstock, C., Engström, B. E., Öhrvall, M., Lind, L., Sundbom, M., & Karlsson, F. A. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021734 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
On the Actions of the Growth Hormone-Releasing Hexapeptide, GHRP*
Bowers, C. Y., Sartor, O. A., Reynolds, G. A., & Badger, T. M. (1991) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-128-4-2027 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Ultradian Rhythmicity of Ghrelin Secretion in Relation with GH, Feeding Behavior, and Sleep-Wake Patterns in Rats
Tolle, V., Bassant, M., Zizzari, P., Poindessous‐Jazat, F., Tomasetto, C., Epelbaum, J., & Bluet‐Pajot, M. (2002) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.143.4.8712 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Reliability of provocative tests to assess growth hormone secretory status. Study in 472 normally growing children
Ghigo, E., BELLONE, J., Aimaretti, G., Bellone, S., Loche, S., Cappa, M., BARTOLOTTA, E., Dammacco, F., & Camanni, F. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.81.9.8784091 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Self-citation
Induction of c-fos Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Neuropeptide Y and Growth Hormone (GH)-Releasing Factor Neurons in the Rat Arcuate Nucleus Following Systemic Injection of the GH Secretagogue, GH-Releasing Peptide-6
Dickson, S. L., & Luckman, S. M. (1997) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.138.2.4907 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
The Synergistic Effects of His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe- Lys-NH2on Growth Hormone (GH)-Releasing Factor- Stimulated GH Release and Intracellular Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate Accumulation in Rat Primary Pituitary Cell Culture
CHENG, R., CHAN, W. W.-S., BARRETO, A., Convey, E. Μ., & Smith, R. G. (1989) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-124-6-2791 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Cloning and Characterization of Two Human G Protein-Coupled Receptor Genes (GPR38 and GPR39) Related to the Growth Hormone Secretagogue and Neurotensin Receptors
McKee, K. K., Tan, C. P., Palyha, O. C., Liu, J., Feighner, S. D., Hreniuk, D. L., Smith, R. G., Howard, A. D., & der Ploeg, L. H. T. V. (1997) · Genomics · doi:10.1006/geno.1997.5069 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
A Low Dose of Ghrelin Stimulates Growth Hormone (GH) Release Synergistically with GH-Releasing Hormone in Humans
Hataya, Y., Akamizu, T., Takaya, K., Kanamoto, N., Ariyasu, H., Saijo, M., Moriyama, K., Shimatsu, A., Kojima, M., Kangawa, K., et al. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.9.8002 · Cited by 293 · cited 14× · see citing works
“The gastric hormone ghrelin was identified as an endogenous ligand for the former orphan receptor GHS-R 1a (1, 13, 14); the discovery of this receptor followed by 20 yr that of synthetic GHS, which specifically binds it (1, 14, 17, 19–21, Abbreviations: AGRP, Agouti-related protein; CNS, central nervous system; CST, c…”
MethodInfluential
Ghrelin promotes slow-wave sleep in humans
Weikel, J., Wichniak, A., Ising, M., Brünner, H., Frieß, E., Held, K., Mathias, S., Schmid, D. A., Uhr, M., & Steiger, A. (2003) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00184.2002 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Ghrelin Modulates the Downstream Molecules of Insulin Signaling in Hepatoma Cells
Murata, M., Okimura, Y., Iida, K., Matsumoto, M., Sowa, H., Kaji, H., Kojima, M., Kangawa, K., & Chihara, K. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m103898200 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Increased plasma ghrelin level in lung cancer cachexia.
Shimizu, Y., Nagaya, N., Isobe, T., Imazu, M., Okumura, H., Hosoda, H., Kojima, M., Kangawa, K., & Kohno, N. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 284 · see citing works
A DOSE-RESPONSE STUDY
Skripitz, R., Andreassen, T. T., & Aspenberg, P. (2000) · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Hemodynamic, Renal, and Hormonal Effects of Ghrelin Infusion in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure
Nagaya, N., Miyatake, K., Uematsu, M., et al. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.12.8115 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Ghrelin-induced growth hormone secretion in humans
Peino, R., Baldelli, R., Rodríguez, J., Rodríguez‐Segade, S., Kojima, M., Kangawa, K., Arvat, E., Ghigo, E., Diéguez, C., & Casanueva, F. F. (2000) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.143r011 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citation
Inhibitory effect of ghrelin on insulin and pancreatic somatostatin secretion
Egido, E. M., Rodríguez‐Gallardo, J., Silvestre, R. A., & Marco, J. (2002) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1460241 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Stimulation of the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor I axis by daily oral administration of a GH secretogogue (MK-677) in healthy elderly subjects
Chapman, I. M., Bach, M. A., Cauter, E. V., Farmer, M. R., Krupa, D. A., Taylor, A. M., Schilling, L. M., Cole, K., Skiles, E. H., Pezzoli, S. S., et al. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.81.12.8954023 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Ghrelin/motilin-related peptide is a potent prokinetic to reverse gastric postoperative ileus in rat
Trudel, L., Tomasetto, C., Rio, M., Bouin, M., Plourde, V., Eberling, P., & Poitras, P. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00339.2001 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Immunocytochemical observation of ghrelin-containing neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus
Lu, S., Guan, J.-L., Wang, Q., Uehara, K., Yamada, S., Noboru, G. O. T. O., Date, Y., Nakazato, M., Kojima, M., Kangawa, K., et al. (2002) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02544-7 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Structure-activity relationship of ghrelin: pharmacological study of ghrelin peptides.
Matsumoto, M., Hosoda, H., Kitajima, Y., Morozumi, N., Minamitake, Y., Tanaka, S., Matsuo, H., Kojima, M., Hayashi, Y., & Kangawa, K. (2001) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC · doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5553 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Growth Hormone Secretagogue Binding Sites in Peripheral Human Tissues
Papotti, M. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.85.10.3803 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Pathways to obesity
Jéquier, E. (2002) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802123 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Chicken Ghrelin: Purification, cDNA Cloning, and Biological Activity
Kaiya, H., van der Geyten, S., Kojima, M., Hosoda, H., Kitajima, Y., Matsumoto, M., Geelissen, S. M. E., Darras, V. M., & Kangawa, K. (2002) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2002-220255 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Interrelationship between the Novel Peptide Ghrelin and Somatostatin/Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone in Regulation of Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion
Tannenbaum, G. S., Epelbaum, J., & Bowers, C. Y. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2002-220852 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Structural Divergence of Human Ghrelin
Hosoda, H., Kojima, M., Mizushima, T., Shimizu, S., & Kangawa, K. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m205366200 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Role for central ghrelin in food intake and secretion profile of stomach ghrelin in rats
MURAKAMI, N., Hayashida, T., Kuroiwa, T., Nakahara, K., Ida, T., Mondal, M. S., Nakazato, M., Kojima, M., & Kangawa, K. (2002) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1740283 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Life without neuropeptide Y.
Palmiter, R. D., Erickson, J. C., Hollopeter, G., Baraban, S. C., & Schwartz, M. W. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Meal-Related Ghrelin Suppression Requires Postgastric Feedback
Williams, D. L., Cummings, D. E., Grill, H. J., & Kaplan, J. M. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-0381 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Goldfish Ghrelin: Molecular Characterization of the Complementary Deoxyribonucleic Acid, Partial Gene Structure and Evidence for Its Stimulatory Role in Food Intake
Unniappan, S., Lin, X., Cervini, L. A., et al. (2002) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2002-220644 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Intracerebroventricular Administration of Ghrelin Rapidly Suppresses Pulsatile Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in Ovariectomized Rats
Furuta, M., Funabashi, T., & Kimura, F. (2001) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5854 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
The Role of Ghrelin and Growth Hormone Secretagogues Receptor on Rat Adipogenesis
Ki‐choon, C. H. O. I., Roh, S., Hong, Y.-H., Shrestha, Y. B., Hishikawa, D., Chen, C., Kojima, M., Kangawa, K., & Sasaki, S.-I. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2002-220783 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Identification and characterization of a novel gastric peptide hormone: The motilin-related peptide
Tomasetto, C., Karam, S. M., Ribieras, S., Masson, R., Lefèbvre, O., Staub, A., Alexander, G., Chenard, M., & Rio, M. (2000) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/gast.2000.9371 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide and GH-releasing hormone stimulate GH release through distinct pituitary receptors.
Góth, M., Lyons, C. E., Canny, B. J., & Thorner, M. O. (1992) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.130.2.1346381 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Ghrelin elicits a marked stimulatory effect on GH secretion in freely-moving rats
Seoane, L. M., Tovar, S. A., Baldelli, R., Arvat, E., Ghigo, E., Casanueva, F. F., & Diéguez, C. (2000) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.143r007 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Self-citation
Agouti-Related Peptide, Neuropeptide Y, and Somatostatin-Producing Neurons Are Targets for Ghrelin Actions in the Rat Hypothalamus
Seoane, L. M., López, M., Tovar, S. A., Casanueva, F. F., Señarís, R. M., & Diéguez, C. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2002-220795 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Reversal of Cancer Anorexia by Blockade of Central Melanocortin Receptors in Rats
Wisse, B. E., Frayo, R. S., Schwartz, M. W., & Cummings, D. E. (2001) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.142.8.8324 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Characterisation of gastric ghrelin cells in man and other mammals: studies in adult and fetal tissues
Rindi, G., Necchi, V., Savio, A., et al. (2002) · Histochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1007/s00418-002-0415-1 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Immunolocalization of Ghrelin and Its Functional Receptor, the Type 1a Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor, in the Cyclic Human Ovary
Gaytán, F., Barreiro, M. L., Chopin, L. K., Herington, A. C., Morales, C., Pinilla, L., Casanueva, F. F., Aguilar, E., Diéguez, C., & Tena‐Sempere, M. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021196 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Hypothalamic growth hormone secretagogue receptor regulates growth hormone secretion, feeding, and adiposity.
Shuto, Y., Shibasaki, T., Otagiri, A., Kuriyama, H., Ohata, H., Tamura, H., Kamegai, J., Sugihara, H., Oikawa, S., & Wakabayashi, I. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci0213300 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
The Endocrine Response to Ghrelin as a Function of Gender in Humans in Young and Elderly Subjects
Broglio, F., Benso, A. S., Castiglioni, C., Gottero, C., Prodam, F., Destefanis, S., Gauna, C., van der Lely, A. J., Deghenghi, R., Bo, M., et al. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021504 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Self-citation
Delayed Short-Term Secretory Regulation of Ghrelin in Obese Animals: Evidenced by a Specific RIA for the Active Form of Ghrelin
Ariyasu, H., Takaya, K., Hosoda, H., Iwakura, H., Ebihara, K., Mori, K., Ogawa, Y., Hosoda, K., Akamizu, T., Kojima, M., et al. (2002) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2002-220225 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Ghrelin Secretion in Humans Is Sexually Dimorphic, Suppressed by Somatostatin, and Not Affected by the Ambient Growth Hormone Levels
Barkan, A. L., Dimaraki, E. V., Jessup, S. K., Symons, K. V., Mn, E., & Jaffe, C. A. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021169 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Comparison of vasodilators in human internal mammary artery: ghrelin is a potent physiological antagonist of endothelin‐1
Wiley, K. E., & Davenport, A. P. (2002) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704815 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Roles of Leptin and Ghrelin in the Loss of Body Weight Caused by a Low Fat, High Carbohydrate Diet
Weigle, D. S., Cummings, D. E., Newby, P. D., Breen, P. A., Frayo, R. S., Matthys, C. C., Callahan, H. S., & Purnell, J. Q. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021262 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Insulin, Unlike Food Intake, Does Not Suppress Ghrelin in Human Subjects
Caixàs, A., Bashore, C. J., Nash, W., Pi‐Sunyer, F. X., & Laferrère, B. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.87.4.8538 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity of Peptides which Release Growth Hormone in Vitro*
Momany, F. A., Bowers, C. Y., Reynolds, G. A., Chang, D.-M., Hong, A. L., & Newlander, K. A. (1981) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-108-1-31 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Role of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y in feeding and obesity
Gehlert, D. R. (1999) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1054/npep.1999.0057 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Ghrelin in domestic animals: distribution in stomach and its possible role
Hayashida, T., Murakami, K., Mogi, K., et al. (2001) · Domestic Animal Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0739-7240(01)00104-7 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Plasma Ghrelin Concentrations Are Not Regulated by Glucose or Insulin
Schaller, G., Schmidt, A., Pleiner, J., Woloszczuk, W., Wolzt, M., & Luger, A. (2003) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.1.16 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Plasma Ghrelin, Obesity, and the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Correlation with Insulin Resistance and Androgen Levels
Pagotto, U., Gambineri, A., Vicennati, V., Heiman, M. L., Tschöp, M. H., & Pasquali, R. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020776 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citation
Identification of a new G-protein-linked receptor for growth hormone secretagogues.
Pong, S., Chaung, L. Y., Dean, D. C., Nargund, R. P., Patchett, A. A., & Smith, R. G. (1996) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend.10.1.8838145 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Hypothalamic Growth Hormone Secretagogue-Receptor (GHS-R) Expression Is Regulated by Growth Hormone in the Rat
Bennett, P. A., Thomas, G. B., Howard, A. D., Feighner, S. D., der Ploeg, L. H. T. V., Smith, R. G., & Robinson, I. C. A. F. (1997) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.138.11.5476 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Ghrelin: a Gut-Brain Hormone: Effect of Gastric Bypass Surgery
Geloneze, B., Tambascia, M. A., Pilla, V. F., Geloneze, S. R., Repetto, E., & Pareja, J. C. (2003) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1381/096089203321136539 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
A transient ghrelin surge occurs just before feeding in a scheduled meal-fed sheep
Sugino, T., Hasegawa, Y., Kikkawa, Y., Yamaura, J., Yamagishi, M., Kurose, Y., Kojima, M., Kangawa, K., & Terashima, Y. (2002) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00654-x · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Euglycemic hyperinsulinemia, but not lipid infusion, decreases circulating ghrelin levels in humans
Möhlig, M., Spranger, J., Otto, B., Ristow, M., Tschöp, M., & Pfeiffer, A. F. H. (2002) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03344062 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Vasodilatory Effect of Ghrelin, an Endogenous Peptide From the Stomach
Okumura, H., Nagaya, N., Enomoto, M., Nakagawa, E., Oya, H., & Kangawa, K. (2002) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00005344-200206000-00001 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Cortistatin: a member of the somatostatin neuropeptide family with distinct physiological functions
Spier, A. D., & de Lecea, L. (2000) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(00)00031-x · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Blocked growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP-6)-induced GH secretion and absence of the synergic action of GHRP-6 plus GH-releasing hormone in patients with hypothalamopituitary disconnection: evidence that GHRP- 6 main action is exerted at the hypothalamic level
POPOVIC, V. M., Damjanovic, S. S., Micić, D., Djurovic, M. N., Diéguez, C., & Casanueva, F. F. (1995) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.80.3.7883854 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Expression and action of the growth hormone releasing peptide ghrelin and its receptor in prostate cancer cell lines
Jeffery, P. L., Herington, A. C., & Chopin, L. K. (2002) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.172r007 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Ghrelin Stimulates Insulin Secretion from the Pancreas of Normal and Diabetic Rats
Adeghate, E., & Ponery, A. S. (2002) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.2002.00811.x · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Systemic administration of growth hormone-releasing peptide activates hypothalamic arcuate neurons
Dickson, S. L., Leng, G., & Robinson, I. C. A. F. (1993) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90197-n · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Hyperglycaemia suppresses the secretion of ghrelin, a novel growth-hormone-releasing peptide: responses to the intravenous and oral administration of glucose
Nakagawa, E., Nagaya, N., Okumura, H., Enomoto, M., Oya, H., Ono, F., Hosoda, H., Kojima, M., & Kangawa, K. (2002) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs1030325 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
[125I‐His9]‐Ghrelin, a novel radioligand for localizing GHS orphan receptors in human and rat tissue; up‐regulation of receptors with atherosclerosis
Katugampola, S., Pallikaros, Z., & Davenport, A. P. (2001) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704228 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
GH-releasing hormone and GH-releasing peptide-6 for diagnostic testing in GH-deficient adults
Popovic, V., Leal, A., Micic, D., Koppeschaar, H. P., Torres, E., Paramo, C., Obradovic, S., Dieguez, C., & Casanueva, F. F. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02755-0 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
GH Releasing Peptides - Structure and Kinetics
Bowers, C. Y. (1993) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem.1993.6.1.21 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Role of Ghrelin Polymorphisms in Obesity Based on Three Different Studies
Ukkola, O. H., Ravussin, É., Jacobson, P., Përusse, L., Rankinen, T., Tschöp, M. H., Heiman, M. L., Leon, A. S., Rao, D. C., Skinner, J. S., et al. (2002) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2002.106 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citation
Expression of Ghrelin in the Cyclic and Pregnant Rat Ovary
Caminos, J. E., Tena‐Sempere, M., Gaytán, F., Sánchez‐Criado, J. E., Barreiro, M. L., Nogueiras, R., Casanueva, F. F., Aguilar, E., & Diéguez, C. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2002-221058 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Conformational Energy Studies andin Vitroandin VivoActivity Data on Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides*
Momany, F. A., Bowers, C. Y., Reynolds, G. A., et al. (1984) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-114-5-1531 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Intracerebroventricular injection of ghrelin and growth hormone releasing factor inhibits food intake in neonatal chicks
Furuse, M., Tachibana, T., Ohgushi, A., et al. (2001) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(01)01621-4 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
In vivo and in vitro Effects of Ghrelin/Motilin-Related Peptide on Growth Hormone Secretion in the Rat
Tolle, V., Zizzari, P., Tomasetto, C., Rio, M., Epelbaum, J., & Bluet‐Pajot, M. (2001) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000054620 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Bullfrog Ghrelin Is Modified by n-Octanoic Acid at Its Third Threonine Residue*
Kaiya, H., Kojima, M., Hosoda, H., Kōda, A., Yamamoto, K., Kitajima, Y., Matsumoto, M., Minamitake, Y., Kikuyama, S., & Kangawa, K. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m105212200 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Binding of 125I-labeled ghrelin to membranes from human hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Muccioli, G., Papotti, M., Locatelli, V., et al. (2001) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03343831 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
CD36 Mediates the Cardiovascular Action of Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides in the Heart
Bodart, V., Febbraio, M., Demers, A., McNicoll, N., Pohankova, P., Perreault, A., Sejlitz, T., Escher, E., Silverstein, R. L., Lamontagne, D., et al. (2002) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.0000016164.02525.b4 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone secretion is stimulated by a new GH-releasing hexapeptide in sheep.
Guillaume, V, Magnan, E., Cataldi, M., Dutour, A., Sauze, N., Renard, M., Razafindraibe, H., Conte-Devolx, B., Deghenghi, R., & Lenaerts, V (1994) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.135.3.7915227 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Unnatural Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide Begets Natural Ghrelin
Bowers, C. Y. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.4.7431 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Growth hormone-releasing activity of hexarelin, a new synthetic hexapeptide, after intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, and oral administration in man
Ghigo, E., Arvat, E., Gianotti, L., Imbimbo, B. P., Lenaerts, V., Deghenghi, R., & Camanni, F. (1994) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.78.3.8126144 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citation
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Human Cortistatin-like Peptide
Fukusumi, S., Kitada, C., Takekawa, S., Kizawa, H., Sakamoto, J., Miyamoto, M., Hinuma, S., Kitano, K., & Fujino, M. (1997) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6252 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Two-Month Treatment of Obese Subjects with the Oral Growth Hormone (GH) Secretagogue MK-677 Increases GH Secretion, Fat-Free Mass, and Energy Expenditure1
Svensson, J., Lönn, L., Jansson, J., Murphy, G. M., Wyss, D., Krupa, D. A., Cerchio, K., Polvino, W. J., Gertz, B., Boseaus, I., et al. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.2.4539 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Ghrelin Secretion Is Inhibited by Either Somatostatin or Cortistatin in Humans
Broglio, F., van Koetsveld, P. M., Benso, A. S., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020956 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Ghrelin in neonatal rats: distribution in stomach and its possible role
Hayashida, T., Nakahara, K., Mondal, M. S., Date, Y., Nakazato, M., Kojima, M., Kangawa, K., & MURAKAMI, N. (2002) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1730239 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Ghrelin drives GH secretion during fasting in man
Muller, A., Lamberts, S., Janssen, J. A. M. J. L., Hofland, L. J., van Koetsveld, P. M., Bidlingmaier, M., Strasburger, C., Ghigo, E., & van der Lely, A. (2002) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1460203 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citation
Anti-cachectic effect of ghrelin in nude mice bearing human melanoma cells
Hanada, T., Toshinai, K., Kajimura, N., Nara, N., Tsukada, T., Hayashi, Y., Osuye, K., Kangawa, K., Matsukura, S., & Nakazato, M. (2003) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(02)03028-0 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP)
Bowers, C. Y. (1998) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s000180050257 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Stimulatory Effects of Ghrelin on Circulating Somatostatin and Pancreatic Polypeptide Levels
Arosio, M., Ronchi, C. L., Gebbia, C., Cappiello, V., Beck‐Peccoz, P., & PERACCHI, M. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021161 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
GH-Releasing Peptide-2 Increases Fat Mass in Mice Lacking NPY: Indication for a Crucial Mediating Role of Hypothalamic Agouti-Related Protein
Tschöp, M. H., Statnick, M. A., Suter, T. M., & Heiman, M. L. (2002) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.143.2.8633 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citation
Two important systems in energy homeostasis: melanocortins and melanin-concentrating hormone
Tritos, N. A., & Maratos–Flier, E. (1999) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1054/npep.1999.0055 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Leptin Transport Across the Blood-Brain Barrier: Implications for the Cause and Treatment of Obesity
Banks, W. A. (2001) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612013398310 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Binding of a growth hormone releasing hexapeptide to specific hypothalamic and pituitary binding sites
Codd, E. E., Shu, A. Y. L., & Walker, R. F. (1989) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(89)90129-9 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Purification and Distribution of Ghrelin: The Natural Endogenous Ligand for the Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor
Kojima, M., Hosoda, H., & Kangawa, K. (2001) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000048143 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Neurons with access to the general circulation in the central nervous system of the rat: a retrograde tracing study with Fluoro-Gold
Merchenthaler, I. (1991) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(91)90085-3 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Neural basis of orexigenic effects of ghrelin acting within lateral hypothalamus
Olszewski, P. K., Li, D., Grace, M. K., Billington, C. J., Kotz, C. M., & Levine, A. S. (2003) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/s0196-9781(03)00105-0 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Desensitization studies using perifused rat pituitary cells show that growth hormone-releasing hormone and His- d -Trp-Ala-Trp- d -Phe-Lys-NH2 stimulate growth hormone release through distinct receptor sites
Blake, A. D., & Smith, R. G. (1991) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1290011 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Presence of Ghrelin in Normal and Adenomatous Human Pituitary
Korbonits, M., Kojima, M., Kangawa, K., & Grossman, A. B. (2001) · Endocrine · doi:10.1385/endo:14:1:101 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Ghrelin Is Not Necessary for Adequate Hormonal Counterregulation of Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia
Lucidi, P., Murdolo, G., Loreto, C. D., Cicco, A. D., Parlanti, N., Fanelli, C. G., Santeusanio, F., Bolli, G. B., & Feo, P. D. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2911 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Specific receptors for synthetic GH secretagogues in the human brain and pituitary gland
Muccioli, G., Ghé, C., Ghigo, M., Papotti, M. G., Arvat, E., Boghen, M. F., Nilsson, M., Deghenghi, R., Ong, H., & Ghigo, E. (1998) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1570099 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citation
Growth Hormone Secretagogues: Physiological Role and Clinical Utility
Casanueva, F. F., & Diéguez, C. (1999) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1043-2760(98)00116-7 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Ghrelin Can Bind to a Species of High Density Lipoprotein Associated with Paraoxonase
Beaumont, N. J., Skinner, V. O., Tan, T., Ramesh, B. S., Byrne, D. J. F., MacColl, G., Keen, J. N., Bouloux, P. M., Mikhailidis, D. P., Bruckdorfer, K. R., et al. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c200575200 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Cortistatin Is Expressed in a Distinct Subset of Cortical Interneurons
de Lecea, L., del Rı́o, J. A., Criado, J. R., Alcántara, S., Morales, M., Danielson, P. E., Henriksen, S. J., Soriano, E., & Sutcliffe, J. G. (1997) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-15-05868.1997 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Ghrelin Expression in Fetal, Infant, and Adult Human Lung
Volante, M., Fulcheri, E., Allìa, E., Cerrato, M., Pucci, A., & Papotti, M. G. (2002) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1177/002215540205000803 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Growth Hormone-Independent Cardioprotective Effects of Hexarelin in the Rat1
Locatelli, V., Rossoni, G., Schweiger, F., et al. (1999) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.140.9.6948 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor Family Members and Ligands
Smith, R. G., Leonard, R. J., Bailey, A. R. T., Palyha, O. C., Feighner, S. D., Tan, C. P., McKee, K. K., Pong, S., Griffin, P. R., & Howard, A. (2001) · Endocrine · doi:10.1385/endo:14:1:009 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Ghrelin immunoreactivity in human plasma is suppressed by somatostatin
Nørrelund, H., Hansen, T. K., Ørskov, H., Hosoda, H., Kojima, M., Kangawa, K., Weeke, J., Møller, N., Christiansen, J. S., & Jørgensen, J. O. L. (2002) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01649.x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
GH-releasing activity of hexarelin, a new growth hormone releasing peptide, in infant and adult rats
Deghenghi, R., Cananzi, M. M., Torsello, A., Battisti, C., Müller, E. E., & Locatelli, V. (1994) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(94)00510-9 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Biologic Activities of Growth Hormone Secretagogues in Humans
Ghigo, E., Arvat, E., Giordano, R., et al. (2001) · Endocrine · doi:10.1385/endo:14:1:087 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cortistatin, but not somatostatin, binds to growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptors of human pituitary gland
Deghenghi, R., Papotti, M. G., Ghigo, E., & Muccioli, G. (2001) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03343800 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citation
Plasma levels of active form of ghrelin during oral glucose tolerance test in patients with anorexia nervosa
Nakai, Y., Hosoda, H., Nin, K., Ooya, C., Hayashi, H., Akamizu, T., & Kangawa, K. (2003) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.149r001 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Ghrelin-Producing Endocrine Tumors of the Stomach and Intestine
Papotti, M. G., Cassoni, P., Volante, M., Deghenghi, R., Muccioli, G., & Ghigo, E. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.10.7918 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citation
Identification of a new G-protein-linked receptor for growth hormone secretagogues
Ss, P. (1996) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.10.1.57 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Fuel partitioning and food intake
Friedman, M. I. (1998) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/67.3.513s · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Site-specific effects of ghrelin on the neuronal activity in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus
Riediger, T., Traebert, M., SCHMID, H. A., Scheel, C., Lutz, T. A., & Scharrer, E. (2003) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(02)01381-2 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Enhanced leptin transport across the blood–brain barrier by α1-adrenergic agents
Banks, W. A. (2001) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02242-9 · Cited by 128 · see citing works

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Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index
Taheri, S., Lin, L., Austin, D., Young, T., & Mignot, E. (2004) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0010062 · Cited by 2,477 · see citing works
Brief communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite
Spiegel, K., Tasali, E., Penev, P., & Cauter, E. V. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-11-200412070-00008 · Cited by 2,459 · see citing works
Brain foods: The effects of nutrients on brain function.
Gómez-Pinilla, F. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2421 · Cited by 1,372 · see citing works
The metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation
Knutson, K. L., Spiegel, K., Penev, P., & Van Cauter, E. (2007) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.01.002 · Cited by 1,365 · see citing works
Expression of ghrelin receptor mRNA in the rat and the mouse brain
Zigman, J. M., Jones, J. E., Lee, C. E., Saper, C. B., & Elmquist, J. K. (2006) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.20823 · Cited by 1,074 · see citing works
Ghrelin
Müller, T. D., Nogueiras, R., Andermann, M. L., Andrews, Z. B., Anker, S. D., Argente, J., Batterham, R. L., Benoit, S. C., Bowers, C. Y., Broglio, F., et al. (2015) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2015.03.005 · Cited by 1,034 · see citing works
Self-citation
FNDC5 and Irisin in Humans: I. Predictors of Circulating Concentrations in Serum and Plasma and II. mRNA Expression and Circulating Concentrations in Response to Weight Loss and Exercise
Huh, J. Y., Panagiotou, G., Mougios, V., Brinkoetter, M., Vamvini, M. T., Schneider, B. E., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2012) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.09.002 · Cited by 1,040 · see citing works
Ghrelin modulates the activity and synaptic input organization of midbrain dopamine neurons while promoting appetite
Abizaid, A., Liu, Z.-W., Andrews, Z. B., Shanabrough, M., Borok, E., Elsworth, J. D., Roth, R. H., Sleeman, M. W., Picciotto, M. R., Tschöp, M. H., et al. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci29867 · Cited by 984 · see citing works
Self-citation
Ghrelin controls hippocampal spine synapse density and memory performance
Diano, S., Farr, S. A., Benoit, S. C., McNay, E. C., da Silva, I., Horvath, B., Gaskin, F. S., Nonaka, N., Jaeger, L. B., Banks, W. A., et al. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1656 · Cited by 828 · see citing works
Self-citation
Associations between Sleep Loss and Increased Risk of Obesity and Diabetes
Knutson, K. L., & Van Cauter, E. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1417.033 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Ten Putative Contributors to the Obesity Epidemic
McAllister, E. J., Dhurandhar, N. V., Keith, S. W., Aronne, L. J., Barger, J., Baskin, M., Benca, R. M., Biggio, J., Boggiano, M. M., Eisenmann, J. C., et al. (2009) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408390903372599 · Cited by 710 · see citing works
Ghrelin and the short- and long-term regulation of appetite and body weight
Cummings, D. E. (2006) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.05.022 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Short sleep duration and dietary intake: epidemiologic evidence, mechanisms, and health implications
Dashti, H. S., Scheer, F. A., Jacques, P. F., Lamon-Fava, S., & Ordovás, J. M. (2015) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.115.008623 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Obesity and androgens: facts and perspectives
Pasquali, R. (2006) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.10.054 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Problems associated with short sleep: Bridging the gap between laboratory and epidemiological studies
Grandner, M. A., Patel, N. P., Gehrman, P. R., Perlis, M. L., & Pack, A. I. (2010) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.08.001 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Role of sleep duration in the regulation of glucose metabolism and appetite
Morselli, L., Leproult, R., Balbo, M., & Spiegel, K. (2010) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2010.07.005 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Estradiol and the control of food intake
Butera, P. C. (2010) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.06.010 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Influence of Partial Sleep Deprivation on Energy Balance and Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Women
Bosy-Westphal, A., Hinrichs, S., Jauch-Chara, K., Hitze, B., Later, W., Wilms, B., Settler, U., Peters, A., Kiosz, D., & Müller, M. J. (2008) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000158874 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Central Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Browns White Fat via Sympathetic Action in Male Mice
Douris, N., Stevanovic, D. M., Fisher, F. M., Cisu, T. I., Chee, M. J., Nguyen, N. L., Zarebidaki, E., Adams, A. C., Kharitonenkov, A., Flier, J. S., et al. (2015) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2014-2001 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Sleep and metabolic function
Morselli, L. L., Guyon, A., & Spiegel, K. (2012) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-011-1053-z · Cited by 199 · see citing works
“A large body of evidence supports the hypothesis that ghrelin acts on GH secretion, at least in part, via a stimulation of GHRH [39, 50, 192]: A positive interaction between central ghrelinergic activity and sleep, in particular SWS, should therefore be expected.”
Roles of ghrelin and leptin in the control of reproductive function
Tena-Sempere, M. (2007) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000108410 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Associations of short sleep duration with appetite‐regulating hormones and adipokines: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Lin, J., Jiang, Y., Wang, G., Meng, M., Zhu, Q., Mei, H., Liu, S., & Jiang, F. (2020) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13051 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
The TNF-&#945; System: Functional Aspects in Depression, Narcolepsy and Psychopharmacology
Berthold-Losleben, M., & Himmerich, H. (2008) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/157015908785777238 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Rejuvenation of the aging thymus: growth hormone-mediated and ghrelin-mediated signaling pathways
Taub, D. D., Murphy, W. J., & Longo, D. L. (2010) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2010.04.015 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Central Nervous System Regulation of Energy Metabolism: Ghrelin versus Leptin
Nogueiras, R., Tschöp, M. H., & Zigman, J. M. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1433.054 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Acylated ghrelin inhibits spontaneous luteinizing hormone pulsatility and responsiveness to naloxone but not that to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in young men: evidence for a central inhibitory action of ghrelin on the gonadal axis
Lanfranco, F., Bonelli, L., Baldi, M., Me, E., Broglio, F., & Ghigo, E. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0049 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citation
Ghrelin, obesity and diabetes
Wiedmer, P., Nogueiras, R., Broglio, F., D'Alessio, D., & Tschöp, M. H. (2007) · Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/ncpendmet0625 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citation
Connecting insufficient sleep and insomnia with metabolic dysfunction
Duan, D., Kim, L. J., Jun, J. C., & Polotsky, V. Y. (2023) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14926 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Unraveling the role of the ghrelin gene peptides in the endocrine pancreas
Granata, R., Baragli, A., Settanni, F., Scarlatti, F., & Ghigo, E. (2010) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/jme-10-0019 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citation
Regulation of Gastrointestinal Motility by Motilin and Ghrelin in Vertebrates
Kitazawa, T., & Kaiya, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00278 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Ghrelin, neuropeptide Y, and other feeding-regulatory peptides active in the hippocampus: role in learning and memory
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Authors: van der Lely, A. J., Tschöp, M., Heiman, M. L., & Ghigo, E.
Affiliations: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (A.J.v.d.L.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
Department of Psychiatry (M.T.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237;
Eli Lilly (United States) (US)
University of Turin (IT)
ORCID: Heiman, Mark L.
Ghigo, Ezio
Venue: Endocrine Reviews
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 2004-06-01
Volume: 25
Issue: 3
Pages: 426-457
ISSN: 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
1945-7189
DOI: 10.1210/er.2002-0029
OpenAlex: W2109993485
Cited by: 1,187
References: 502
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 85 · 2012: 87
FWCI: 8.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Keywords: ghrelin, growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a, growth hormone secretion, appetite regulation, energy balance, gastric motility, gastric acid secretion, glucose metabolism, pituitary-gonadal axis, cardiovascular effects, immunomodulation, gut-brain axis
MeSH terms: Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Appetite Regulation, Cardiovascular System, Clinical Trials as Topic, Digestive System, Energy Metabolism, Gastric Mucosa, Humans, Immune System, Neurosecretory Systems, Peptide Hormones, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Ghrelin, Receptors, Ghrelin

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Biological, Physiological, Pathophysiological, and Pharmacological Aspects of Ghrelin

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