The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Epidemiology, Natural History, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Graves’ Orbitopathy
Open accessAbstract
GO is the most frequent extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease, although it may rarely occur in euthyroid/hypothyroid patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. It is a relatively infrequent disorder, and men tend to have more severe ocular involvement at an older age. The prevalence of GO is lower than in the past among patients with recent onset Graves’ hyperthyroidism, and moderate-to-severe forms requiring aggressive treatments are no more than 5–6% of all cases of GO. After an initial inflammatory (active) phase and a phase of stabilization (plateau phase), GO tends to improve and eventually inactivates (inactive or burnt-out phase). Minimal-to-mild GO often remits spontaneously, but complete restitutio ad integrum almost never occurs when GO is more than mild. Several risk factors contribute to its development on a yet undefined genetic background. Cigarette smoking is the most important of them. Early diagnosis, control and removal of modifiable risk factors, early treatment of mild forms of GO may effectively limit the risk of progression to more severe forms, which have a profound and dramatic impact on the quality of life of affected individuals, and remain a therapeutic challenge, often requiring long-lasting and multiple medical and surgical therapies.
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Bahn, R. S. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra0905750 · Cited by 1,552
Smith, T. J., & Hegedüs, L. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1510030 · Cited by 1,257
Bartalena, L., Baldeschi, L., Boboridis, K., Eckstein, A., Kahaly, G. J., Marcocci, C., Perros, P., Salvi, M., & Wiersinga, W. M. (2016) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1159/000443828 · Cited by 943
Self-citation2018 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the Management of Graves’ Hyperthyroidism
Kahaly, G. J., Bartalena, L., Hegedüs, L., Leenhardt, L., Poppe, K., & Pearce, S. H. (2018) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1159/000490384 · Cited by 940
Self-citationTeprotumumab for Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy
Smith, T. J., Kahaly, G. J., Ezra, D. G., Fleming, J. C., Dailey, R. A., Tang, R. A., Harris, G. J., Antonelli, A., Salvi, M., Goldberg, R. A., et al. (2017) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1614949 · Cited by 756
Teprotumumab for the Treatment of Active Thyroid Eye Disease
Douglas, R. S., Kahaly, G. J., Patel, A., Sile, S., Thompson, E. H. Z., Perdok, R., Fleming, J. C., Fowler, B. T., Marcocci, C., Marinò, M., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1910434 · Cited by 752
Relation between Therapy for Hyperthyroidism and the Course of Graves' Ophthalmopathy
Bartalena, L., Marcocci, C., Bogazzi, F., Manetti, L., Tanda, M. L., Dell'Unto, E., Bruno-Bossio, G., Nardi, M., Bartolomei, M. P., Lepri, A., et al. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801083380201 · Cited by 715
Self-citationManagement of Graves’ Ophthalmopathy: Reality and Perspectives*
Bartalena, L., Pinchera, A., & Marcocci, C. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.21.2.0393 · Cited by 677
Self-citationSelenium and the Course of Mild Graves' Orbitopathy
Marcocci, C., Kahaly, G. J., Krassas, G. E., Bartalena, L., Prummel, M., Stahl, M., Altea, M. A., Nardi, M., Pitz, S., Boboridis, K., et al. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1012985 · Cited by 619
Self-citationOccurrence of Ophthalmopathy after Treatment for Graves' Hyperthyroidism
Tallstedt, L., Lundell, G., Tørring, O., Wallin, G., Ljunggren, J.-G., Blomgren, H., & Taube, A. (1992) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199206253262603 · Cited by 521
Metadata
- Authors
- Bartalena, L., Piantanida, E., Gallo, D., Lai, A., & Tanda, M. L.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-11-30
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 615993-615993
- ISSN
- 1664-2392 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3107470055
- Cited by
- 369
- References
- 76
- FWCI
- 19.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
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- Bartalena, L., Piantanida, E., Gallo, D., Lai, A., & Tanda, M. L. (2020). Epidemiology, Natural History, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Graves’ Orbitopathy. Frontiers in Endocrinology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.615993
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
