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Critical review of the role of ash content and composition in biomass pyrolysis
Open accessAbstract
In the face of environmental challenges (e.g., dramatically increasing greenhouse gas emissions and climate change), it is utmost of importance to sustainable energy systems. Biomass consisting of agricultural and forest waste, municipal solid waste, and aquatics, has been identified as alternative and promising fuel sources. Thermochemical conversion approaches like pyrolysis can turn various types of biomass into three valuable product streams, namely, bio-oil, biochar, and syngas. To date, past review articles have considered the major operating parameters of kinetics, chemistry, and the application of pyrolysis products. However, ash content is one of the key biomass components that lacks investigation on its influence during biomass pyrolysis with respect to products yield and properties. This review article examines: i) the ash content and composition in different types of biomass; ii) effects of ash content on catalytic pathway and biomass thermal degradation; iii) ash related problems in the thermal degradation of biomass; and iv) available deashing techniques for biomass. The review aims to provide new understandings and insights regarding the effects of ash content and composition on biomass pyrolysis.
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“as AAEM in ash substitutes biomass protons in phenolic, acidic, or carbonyl groups, leading to salt formation [15].”
From Pilot-Scale Slow Pyrolysis, Post-Heat Treatment, and Self-Heating Performance of Biochar Fuels Derived from Construction, Renovation, and Demolition (CRD) Wood Waste (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
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Deutsch, R., Kienzl, N., Stocker, H., Strasser, C., & Krammer, G. (2026) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2026.141296
Kobayashi, N., Hashizume, T., & Watanabe, T. (2026) · Surfaces and Interfaces · doi:10.1016/j.surfin.2026.109551
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“The lower ash content of the biogases shows its suitability for the yield of higher pyrolysis oil, since higher ash in the biomass resists the conversion to biofuel [ 34].”
Chitosan-based films with beetroot pulp and banana pseudostem extracts for active food packaging
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Soybean molasses: a promising substrate for the production of microbial oil by Phaffia rhodozyma
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“In studies with Yarrowia lipolytica strains ATCC 9773 and NRRL Y-50,997, Torres-Añorve and Sandoval [54 ] reported ash contents of 5.80% and 6.88%, respectively, higher than those found in P. rhodozyma , which may indi - cate a lower level of inorganic impurities in this microorgan - ism [ 55].”
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“Further emphasize that ash content and its mineral composition significantly influence pyrolysis behavior (Puri et al., 2024).”
Kamaraj, R., Hu, S., Huang, Y.-J., & Hsieh, J.-C. (2026) · Green Energy and Fuel Research · doi:10.53941/gefr.2026.100004
“These factors contribute to the observed discrepancies in reported operating windows across studies [45].”
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TERMOGRAVIMETRI ANALISIS ULTIMAT DAN PROKSIMAT BIOMASSA SERTA PENENTUAN NILAI KALOR
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“…menghasilkan tar lebih banyak (Narega et al., 2022), sedangkan abu lebih tinggi pada akasia berarti banyak padatan anorganik yang tersisa setelah pembakaran atau pirolisis (Puri et al., 2024), dapat berisiko slagging atau fouling mengganggu permeabilitas bed pada alat (Alam et al., 2021).”
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Biochar‐Based Catalysts for Selective Biofuel Upgrading: Mechanisms, Functions, and Synthesis Rules
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“Additionally, the ash fraction typically comprises alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs), heavy metals, non-metallic elements, and other inorganic compounds [60].”
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“Since ash affects slagging and fouling in thermochemical systems, the similarity indicates that neither form presents a major operational disadvantage [49].”
EFFECTS OF BIOMASS AND IRON CATALYST ON YIELD OF PLANT BASED GRAPHITIC NANOPLATELETS
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Effects of plastic-char on soil functions and crop productivity
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Effect of cupuaçu residue incorporation as a vegetal filler on the properties of polystyrene
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“34,35 The lignin content found in this study was higher compared to some lignocellulosic fi bers.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Puri, L., Hu, Y., & Naterer, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Prince Edward Island (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Hu, Yulin
- Naterer, Greg
- Venue
- Frontiers in Fuels
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2024-03-08
- Volume
- 2
- ISSN
- 2813-6217 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4392626943
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 156
- Citations by year
- 2026: 123 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 14
- FWCI
- 24.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Fuels (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Thermal and Kinetic Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Mining and Gasification Technologies
- Keywords
- biomass pyrolysis, ash content, ash composition, bio-oil, biochar, syngas, thermal degradation, catalytic pyrolysis, biomass fuel, agricultural waste, forestry waste, municipal solid waste, aquaculture waste
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