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Critical review of the role of ash content and composition in biomass pyrolysis
Open accessAbstract
In the face of environmental challenges (e.g., dramatically increasing greenhouse gas emissions and climate change), it is utmost of importance to sustainable energy systems. Biomass consisting of agricultural and forest waste, municipal solid waste, and aquatics, has been identified as alternative and promising fuel sources. Thermochemical conversion approaches like pyrolysis can turn various types of biomass into three valuable product streams, namely, bio-oil, biochar, and syngas. To date, past review articles have considered the major operating parameters of kinetics, chemistry, and the application of pyrolysis products. However, ash content is one of the key biomass components that lacks investigation on its influence during biomass pyrolysis with respect to products yield and properties. This review article examines: i) the ash content and composition in different types of biomass; ii) effects of ash content on catalytic pathway and biomass thermal degradation; iii) ash related problems in the thermal degradation of biomass; and iv) available deashing techniques for biomass. The review aims to provide new understandings and insights regarding the effects of ash content and composition on biomass pyrolysis.
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“as AAEM in ash substitutes biomass protons in phenolic, acidic, or carbonyl groups, leading to salt formation [15].”
From Pilot-Scale Slow Pyrolysis, Post-Heat Treatment, and Self-Heating Performance of Biochar Fuels Derived from Construction, Renovation, and Demolition (CRD) Wood Waste (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
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Dayton, D. C., Carpenter, J. R., Kataria, A., Peters, J. E., Barbee, D., Mante, O. D., & Gupta, R. (2015) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c5gc01023c · Cited by 76
Mayer, Z. A., Apfelbacher, A., & Hornung, A. (2012) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2012.04.007 · Cited by 75
A Short Historical Review of Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass
Radlein, D., & Quignard, A. (2013) · Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles · doi:10.2516/ogst/2013162 · Cited by 70
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Investigation of additives for preventing ash fouling and sintering during barley straw combustion
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“It is known that the additives have an impact on ash chemistry and hence the physical properties such as the melting point (Konist, 2023; L; Wang et al., 2014; Míguez et al., 2021).”
BackgroundInorganic Composition and Environmental Impact of Biomass Feedstock
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Molten alkali carbonates pyrolysis of digestate for phenolic productions
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Advances in the chemical leaching (inorgano-leaching), bio-leaching and desulphurisation of coals
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Sintering Characteristics and Mineral Transformation Behaviors of Corn Cob Ashes
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Short Review on the Origin and Countermeasure of Biomass Slagging in Grate Furnace
Zhu, Y., Niu, Y., Tan, H., & Wang, X. (2014) · Frontiers in Energy Research · doi:10.3389/fenrg.2014.00007 · Cited by 54
Wang, X.-Y., Zhai, M., Guo, H., Panahi, A., Dong, P., & Levendis, Y. (2021) · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119084 · Cited by 52
Chen, H., Pan, P.-Y., Wang, Y.-G., & Zhao, Q. (2017) · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2017.06.120 · Cited by 51
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Ash Properties of Alternative Biomass
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Combustion Characteristics and Slagging during Co-Combustion of Rice Husk and Sewage Sludge Blends
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Naterer, G. (2018) · doi:10.1201/9781003206125 · Cited by 44 · cited 1×
“This might limit the heat and mass transfer within the biomass particle (Naterer, 2021) and subsequently affects the biomass conversion rate and products distribution and properties.”
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Co-pyrolysis of waste tyre and pine bark: Study of reaction kinetics and mechanisms
Al-Balushi, F. A., Burra, K. R. G., Chai, Y. S., & Wang, M. (2022) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2022.106654 · Cited by 42
Acid treatment effecting the physiochemical structure and thermal degradation of biomass
Javed, M. A. (2020) · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2020.06.011 · Cited by 41 · cited 1×
“Javed (2020) applied CH 3 COOH, HCl, and H 2 SO 4 to pretreat wheat straw to remove the ash fraction.”
MethodMelikoğlu, M., Özdemir, M., & Ateş, M. (2023) · Energy Nexus · doi:10.1016/j.nexus.2023.100231 · Cited by 38
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Under-Deposit Corrosion on Steel Pipeline Surfaces: Mechanism, Mitigation and Current Challenges
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“…refers to the phenomena of accelerated decomposition, in which ash particles containing compounds such as K 2 CO 3 , K 2 SO 4 , SiO 2 , KCl, NaCl and CaSO 4 settle on the surface of process equipment (Konist, 2023; G; Song et al., 2018; Sanusi et al., 2022; Obot, 2021; H; Chen et al., 2017).”
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Pyrolysis of municipal solid waste: A kinetic study through multi-step reaction models.
Márquez, A., Patlaka, E., Sfakiotakis, S., Ortiz, I., & Sánchez-Hervás, J. M. (2023) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2023.10.031 · Cited by 36
Song, G., Qi, X., Yang, S., & Zhao, Y. (2017) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2017.11.011 · Cited by 35
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Characterization of Ashes from Pinus Sylvestris forest Biomass
Dibdiakova, J., Wang, L., & Li, H.-L. (2015) · Energy Procedia · doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.289 · Cited by 32 · cited 2×
“SiO 3 Total ash content (wt%, dry basis) and ash composition (mg/kg, dry basis) of woody biomass (Dibdiakova et al., 2015). chips, lumps, pellets, sawdust, and other various wood species (Vassilev et al., 2010).”
BackgroundTechno-economic analysis of ash removal in biomass harvested from algal turf scrubbers
Hess, D., Wendt, L. M., Wahlen, B. D., Aston, J. E., Hu, H., & Quinn, J. C. (2019) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.02.010 · Cited by 31 · cited 2×
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A molecular investigation on the mechanism of co-pyrolysis of ammonia and biodiesel surrogates
Xing, Z., Chen, C., & Jiang, X. (2023) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117164 · Cited by 29 · cited 1×
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BackgroundAsh fouling, deposition and slagging in ultra-supercritical coal power plants
Zhang, D. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9780857097514.2.133 · Cited by 29 · cited 1×
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Methods and Applications of Deoxygenation for the Conversion of Biomass to Petrochemical Products
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Production of pyrolytic lignin for the phenolic resin synthesis via fast pyrolysis
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Co-pyrolysis of plastics and food waste mixture under flue gas condition for bio-oil production
Lim, H. Y., Tang, S. H., Chai, Y. H., Yusup, S. B., & Lim, M. (2022) · Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments · doi:10.1016/j.seta.2022.102826 · Cited by 20
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Investigation of Fouling and Corrosion of Low-Temperature Reheater in a Cfbc Boiler
Konist, A. (2023) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4238446 · Cited by 18 · cited 2×
“…refers to the phenomena of accelerated decomposition, in which ash particles containing compounds such as K 2 CO 3 , K 2 SO 4 , SiO 2 , KCl, NaCl and CaSO 4 settle on the surface of process equipment (Konist, 2023; G; Song et al., 2018; Sanusi et al., 2022; Obot, 2021; H; Chen et al., 2017).”
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Effect of kaolin addition on alkali capture capability during combustion of olive residue
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Influence of Segregated Mineral Matter in Coal on Slagging
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Integrated technique to produce sustainable bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass
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Role of glycosidic bond in initial cellulose pyrolysis: Investigation by machine learning simulation
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Biomass to biofuel: Impacts and mitigation of environmental, health, and socioeconomic challenges
Chowdhury, P., Mahi, N. A., Yeassin, R., Chowdhury, N.-U.-R., & Farrok, O. (2025) · Energy Conversion and Management X · doi:10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100889 · Cited by 104
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“The di ff erence between the two curves’ behavior is likely due to variations in the biomass source type [51].”
Review of Advanced Technologies and Circular Pathways for Food Waste Valorization
Arvelli, S., Jia, L., Zhang, M., & Zhao, J. (2025) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5c03394 · Cited by 52
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Catalytic pyrolysis of bio-waste in synthesis of value-added products: A systematic review
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Metadata
- Authors
- Puri, L., Hu, Y., & Naterer, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Prince Edward Island (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Hu, Yulin
- Naterer, Greg
- Venue
- Frontiers in Fuels
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2024-03-08
- Volume
- 2
- ISSN
- 2813-6217 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4392626943
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 156
- Citations by year
- 2026: 123 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 14
- FWCI
- 24.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Fuels (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Thermal and Kinetic Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Mining and Gasification Technologies
- Keywords
- biomass pyrolysis, ash content, ash composition, bio-oil, biochar, syngas, thermal degradation, catalytic pyrolysis, biomass fuel, agricultural waste, forestry waste, municipal solid waste, aquaculture waste
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