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CD22: A Regulator of Innate and Adaptive B Cell Responses and Autoimmunity
Open accessAbstract
CD22 (Siglec 2) is a receptor predominantly restricted to B cells. It was initially characterized over 30 years ago and named "CD22" in 1984 at the 2nd International workshop in Boston (1). Several excellent reviews have detailed CD22 functions, CD22-regulated signaling pathways and B cell subsets regulated by CD22 or Siglec G (2-4). This review is an attempt to highlight recent and possibly forgotten findings. We also describe the role of CD22 in autoimmunity and the great potential for CD22-based immunotherapeutics for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
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“In addition, SYK has been identified as the central kinase that instructs signaling and effector functions downstream of TREM2, CD33, and CD22 receptors (Clark and Giltiay, 2018; Wissfeld et al., 2021; Yao et al., 2019).”
From SYK coordinates neuroprotective microglial responses in neurodegenerative disease (2022) · cites this paper as Clark and Giltiay, 2018
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“Recently, the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, specific for CD22 was reported to provide high response rates for patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) who had failed chemotherapy and/or a CD19-targeted CAR T-cell treatment (119).”
BackgroundSiglec-mediated regulation of immune cell function in disease
Macauley, M. S., Crocker, P. R., & Paulson, J. C. (2014) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3737 · Cited by 1,122 · cited 1×
“The enzyme α 2,6 sialyltransferase 1 (ST6Gal1) synthesizes this ligand, and ST6Gal1 mice phenocopy many but not all of the defects seen in CD22 mice (12, 13).”
BackgroundChristensen, S. R., Shupe, J., Nickerson, K., Kashgarian, M., Flavell, R. A., & Shlomchik, M. J. (2006) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2006.07.013 · Cited by 1,090 · cited 1×
“TLR7 and TLR9 in particular have been implicated in the activation of autoreactive cells and antinuclear auto-Ab production inmouse models of lupus (78, 79, 102, 103).”
BackgroundAutoreactive B Cell Responses to RNA-Related Antigens Due to TLR7 Gene Duplication
Pisitkun, P., Deane, J. A., Difilippantonio, M. J., Tarasenko, T., Satterthwaite, A. B., & Bolland, S. M. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1124978 · Cited by 922 · cited 2×
“Similar egress of MZ B cells can be found in other autoimmune models, particularly those associated with TLR7 overexpression (78, 79).”
BackgroundEvolutionary considerations in relating oligosaccharide diversity to biological function
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“Thus, they can be regarded as “self-structures” (100).”
BackgroundCD22 is a negative regulator of B-cell receptor signalling.
Nitschke, L., Carsetti, R., Ocker, B., Köhler, G., & Lamers, M. (1997) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(06)00057-1 · Cited by 473 · cited 3×
“Other studies show that CD22 mice generated using C57BL/6 ES cells do not develop an autoimmune phenotype spontaneously (9).”
BackgroundCornall, R., Cyster, J., Hibbs, M., Dunn, A., Otipoby, K., Clark, E., & Goodnow, C. (1998) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80554-3 · Cited by 472 · cited 1×
“Mice with a combination of half doses of Lyn, CD22 and SHP-1 have a defective phenotype found in homozygous parents (16).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSato, S., Miller, A. S., Inaoki, M., Bock, C., Jansen, P. J., Tang, M., & Tedder, T. F. (1996) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80270-8 · Cited by 470
CD22 regulates thymus-independent responses and the lifespan of B cells
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“Although B cell development in the BM is not affected in CD22 mice, numbers of recirculating B220hisIgMlo B cells (or IgDhi B cells) are reduced in CD22 mice (9, 10) as well as CD22L deficient ST6Gal1 mice (58).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationImmune regulation by the ST6Gal sialyltransferase.
Hennet, T., Chui, D., Paulson, J., & Marth, J. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.8.4504 · Cited by 366 · cited 2×
“The enzyme α 2,6 sialyltransferase 1 (ST6Gal1) synthesizes this ligand, and ST6Gal1 mice phenocopy many but not all of the defects seen in CD22 mice (12, 13).”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Fujimoto, 2006, B cell antigen receptor and CD40 differentially regulate CD22 tyrosine phosphorylation, J Immunol., 176, 873, 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.873 · DOI
- Han, 2005, Homomultimeric complexes of CD22 in B cells revealed by protein-glycan cross-linking, Nat Chem Biol., 1, 93, 10.1038/nchembio713 · DOI
- Zeng, 2009, The generation of influenza-specific humoral responses is impaired in ST6Gal I-deficient mice, J Immunol., 182, 4721, 10.4049/jimmunol.0802833 · DOI
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- Bygrave, 2004, Spontaneous autoimmunity in 129 and C57BL/6 mice-implications for autoimmunity described in gene-targeted mice, PLoS Biol., 2, E243, 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020243 · DOI
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- El-Sayed, 2009, Altered CD19/CD22 balance in Egyptian children and adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus, Egypt J Immunol., 16, 27
- Lanoue, 2002, Interaction of CD22 with alpha2,6-linked sialoglycoconjugates: innate recognition of self to dampen B cell autoreactivity?, Eur J Immunol, 32, 348, 10.1002/1521-4141(200202)32:2<348::AID-IMMU348>3.0.CO;2-5 · DOI
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“It consists of seven extracellular IgG-like domains and a 141-amino acid-long cytoplasmic tail [32, 33] (Fig.”
BackgroundImpact of Siglecs on autoimmune diseases
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“It has been shown that CD22 coordinates its inhibitory regulation 126 of B cells by cooperating with calcium pumps and reducing the stores of Ca 2+ , turning the PMCAs into a transient regulator of lymphocyte activation.”
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“Notably, BTLA and CD22 are genes whose protein products are key regulators of B cell activity 27,28 , helping to prevent excessive immune responses and autoimmunity.”
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“Variations and polymorphisms in the CD22 gene have been correlated with an increased susceptibility to autoimmune conditions, such as SLE [175].”
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“We found upregulation of CD22, a member of the Siglec family of lectins normally found in B cells, where it acts to regulate B cell receptor signaling (45).”
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“On the other hand, CD22, CCR6 and IL19 were found to be the top 3 hub genes in the turquoise module, and all these three genes are anti-inflammation genes and functionally important for preventing over-activation of the immune system and the development of autoimmune diseases [35-37] (Fig.”
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“What the impact of B cell interactions might be in the thymus is not clear to us since we barely detected them in the studied fragments, but it is well known that CD22 signaling affects innate immune signals and might assure self-recognition in the thymus 119 .”
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“CD22 is expressed by B cells and is a member of the sialic-acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin (Siglec) family, which bind sialic acid on glycoproteins and lipids (122).”
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Baghdadi, H., Heidari, R., Zavvar, M., Ahmadi, N., Khomartash, M. S., Vahidi, M., Mohammadimehr, M., Bashash, D., & Ghorbani, M. (2023) · Non-Coding RNA · doi:10.3390/ncrna9040044 · Cited by 17
“LINC00926 lncRNA is linked wi h the CD22 B cell receptor, which is known for B c l sign ling and survival [36].”
BackgroundKang, J., Kim, M., Yoon, D., Kim, W., Choi, S. J., Kwon, Y. N., Kim, W., Park, S., Sung, J., Park, M., et al. (2023) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2023.109686 · Cited by 15
Weber, M. G., Walters-Laird, C. J., Kol, A., Rocha, C. S., Hirao, L. A., Mende, A., Balan, B., Arredondo, J., Elizaldi, S. R., Iyer, S. S., et al. (2021) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.149033 · Cited by 17
“MSC therapy has been extensively investigated in inflammatory diseases and cellular injury models, but its effects on the GALT microenvironment and mucosal immunity in SIV/HIV infection have not yet been investigated.”
BackgroundInfluentialWu, G., Yuan, Z., Chen, M., Tang, X., Wang, F., & Zhang, D. (2026) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules31071180 · Cited by 17
“It is broadly expressed on normal B cells and is also present on differentiated B-cell populations in B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), as well as on the majority of B-ALL progenitor cells [57,58].”
Advances in understanding and exploiting Siglec–glycan interactions
Jame-Chenarboo, Z., Gray, T. E., & Macauley, M. S. (2024) · Current Opinion in Chemical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102454 · Cited by 17
Approaches for Controlling Antibody-Mediated Allograft Rejection Through Targeting B Cells
Matsuda, Y., Watanabe, T., & Li, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.682334 · Cited by 19
Yan, D., & Chen, Y. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88694-7 · Cited by 16
Aiming to IgE: Drug development in allergic diseases
Ling, X.-J., Wei, J., & Zhu, Y. (2023) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110495 · Cited by 15
Flow cytometry for B-cell subset analysis in immunodeficiencies
Kumánovics, A., & Akha, A. A. S. (2022) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jim.2022.113327 · Cited by 18
B cells as target for immunotherapy in rheumatic diseases - current status.
Bryl, E. (2021) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2021.05.006 · Cited by 15
Benzene induces spleen injury through the B cell receptor signaling pathway.
Qiao, Y., Hu, H., Zhao, Y., Jin, M., Yang, D., Yin, J., Wu, P.-J., Liu, W., & Li, J.-W. (2023) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114924 · Cited by 14
Atypical phenotype and response of B cells in patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis
Rincón-Arévalo, H., Rojas, M., Vanegas-García, A. L., Muñoz‐Vahos, C. H., Orejuela-Erazo, J., Vásquez, G. M., & Castaño, D. (2021) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/cei.13576 · Cited by 18
Meckler, J. F., Levis, D. J., Vang, D. P., & Tuscano, J. M. (2023) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-023-03444-0 · Cited by 16
Transgenic mouse models to study the physiological and pathophysiological roles of human Siglecs
McCord, K. A., & Macauley, M. S. (2022) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst20211203 · Cited by 12
Therapeutic Avenues to Modulate B-Cell Function in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease
O’Brien, J. W., Case, A. G., Kemper, C., Zhao, T. X., & Mallat, Z. (2024) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.124.319844 · Cited by 11
“Inotuzumab, which targets CD22, a protein long considered an inhibitory receptor 21 on B cells, is linked to MZB cell development, with data showing that CD22 deficiency in mice results in reduced MZB numbers.”
BackgroundHou, D., Castro, B., Dapash, M., Zolp, A., Katz, J., Arrieta, V., Biermann, J., Melms, J., Kueckelhaus, J., Benotmane, J., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2399170/v1 · Cited by 12
Current Status of Novel Agents for the Treatment of B Cell Malignancies: What’s Coming Next?
Tannoury, M., Garnier, D., Susín, S. A., & Bauvois, B. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14246026 · Cited by 13
Sialic Acids: Sweet Modulators Fueling Cancer Cells and Domesticating the Tumor Microenvironment.
Bai, J., Xiao, R.-L., Jiang, D., Luo, X.-Y., Tang, Y., Cui, M., You, L., & Zhao, Y.-P. (2025) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2025.217773 · Cited by 11
Emerging trends in immunotoxin targeting cancer stem cells
Sibuh, B. Z., Gahtori, R., Al‐Dayan, N., Pant, K., Far, B. F., Malik, A. A., Gupta, A. K., Sadhu, S., Dohare, S., & Gupta, P. K. (2022) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105417 · Cited by 12
M2 ‐Like Macrophages Exhibit Sialic Acid‐Enhanced Efferocytosis via the Siglec CD22
Kukan, E. N., Fabiano, G. L., Glendenning, L. M., Zhou, J. Y., Telfer, K., Paulson, J. C., & Cobb, B. A. (2025) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202500146rr · Cited by 9
“CD22 is a well-characterized receptor in B cells, where it functions as an inhibitory co-receptor [16].”
Systemic lupus erythematosus therapeutic strategy: From immunotherapy to gut microbiota modulation
Chasov, V., Zmievskaya, E., Ganeeva, I., Gilyazova, E., Davletshin, D., Filimonova, M., Valiullina, A., Kudriaeva, A., & Bulatov, E. (2024) · Journal of Biomedical Research · doi:10.7555/jbr.38.20240009 · Cited by 10
Harley, I. T. W., Allison, K., & Scofield, R. H. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.953439 · Cited by 15
de Koning, W., Latifi, D., Li, Y.-L., van Eijck, C. V., Stubbs, A., & Mustafa, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.649061 · Cited by 10
B cell-targeted therapies in systemic lupus erythematosus: Current status and perspectives.
Chen, L.-L., Luo, X.-L., Yang, Y., Du, X., Zhang, X.-T., Luo, D., & Li, K.-Q. (2025) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2025.117018 · Cited by 9
Uehara, M., Inoue, T., Hase, S., Sasaki, E., Toyoda, A., & Sakakibara, Y. (2024) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.01405-23 · Cited by 10
“…coreceptor for the B cell antigen receptor complex and augments B cell activation (22); CD79A and CD79B , components of the B cell antigen receptor that generate signals upon antigen recognition (23); and CD22 and CD72 , which inhibit the signal transduction of the B cell antigen receptor (24, 25).”
BackgroundFinnegan, E., Ding, W., Ude, Z., Terer, S., McGivern, T., Blümel, A. M., Kirwan, G., Shao, X., Genua, F., Yin, X.-F., et al. (2023) · Cellular Oncology · doi:10.1007/s13402-023-00882-x · Cited by 9
“It has been reported that CD22 functions as a regulator of B-cell response and is associated with oxaliplatin resistance in colon cancer, while ZNF114 potentially promotes non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) metastasis [56–58].”
BackgroundCAR-T Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Pediatric Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Ostojska, M., Nowak, E., Twardowska, J., Lejman, M., & Zawitkowska, J. (2023) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm13111595 · Cited by 10
“CD22 is highly expressed on B-cell lymphomas and leukemias, so it has become a therapeutic target of cell therapy [52].”
BackgroundMulti-targeted immunotherapeutics to treat B cell malignancies
Gambles, M. T., Yang, J., & Kopec̆ek, J. (2023) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.04.048 · Cited by 12
Acquired B-cell deficiency secondary to B-cell-depleting therapies
Blincoe, A., Labrosse, R., & Abraham, R. S. (2022) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jim.2022.113385 · Cited by 12
Assessment of some immune markers in typhoid-patients
Medhat, A., & Aljanabay, A. A. J. (2022) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6ns1.5592 · Cited by 9
Demmers, L. C., Wu, W., & Heck, A. (2021) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100089 · Cited by 9
B cell modulation strategies in the improvement of transplantation outcomes
Afzali, S., Salehi, S., Shahi, A., & Amirzargar, A. (2020) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2020.06.028 · Cited by 10
Bornhöfft, K. F., Ribera, J. M., Viergutz, T., Venuto, M. T., Gimsa, U., Galuska, S. P., & Rebl, A. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9040836 · Cited by 12
“The expression of mammalian CD22 has been described as being predominately located in B cells [47].”
BackgroundQelliny, M., Shimizu, T., Elsadek, N. E., Emam, S. E., Takata, H., Fathalla, Z. M., Hussein, A., Khaled, K., Ando, H., Ishima, Y., et al. (2021) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00255 · Cited by 8
Antibody–Drug Conjugates in Hematological Malignancies: Current Landscape and Future Perspectives
Montalbano, M. C., Micillo, M., Deaglio, S., & Vaisitti, T. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27021025 · Cited by 7
“CD22 is a transmembrane receptor expressed on the B-cell surface and by most B-cell malignancies, playing an inhibitory role in B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling [63].”
CD22 modulation alleviates amyloid β-induced neuroinflammation
Mai, Y. D., Zhang, Q., Fung, C. L., Leung, S. O., & Chong, C. H. (2025) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-025-03361-2 · Cited by 7
CD22 blockade aggravates EAE and its role in microglia polarization
Xiang, W., Wang, K., Han, L., Wang, Z., Zhou, Z., Bai, S., Peng, J., Xie, C., & Guan, Y. (2024) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.14736 · Cited by 8
Lim, B., Jang, M., Oh, S.-M., No, J.-G., Lee, J., Kim, S. E., Ock, S. A., Yun, I. J., Kim, J.-S., Chee, H. K., et al. (2023) · Animal Cells and Systems · doi:10.1080/19768354.2023.2265150 · Cited by 8
“In addition, CD22 plays a key role in B cell responses and innate immunity (Clark and Giltiay 2018).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Clark, E. A., & Giltiay, N. V.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Clark, Edward A.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-09-28
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 2235-2235
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6173129
- OpenAlex
- W2893525181
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 138
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 1.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glycosylation and Glycoproteins Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research
- Keywords
- CD22, B cells, B cell signaling, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, autoimmunity, systemic lupus erythematosus, immunotherapeutics, Siglec-G
- MeSH terms
- Alleles, Animals, Autoantibodies, B-Lymphocytes, Humans, Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell, Autoimmunity, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Toll-Like Receptor 7, Mice, Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2, Molecular Targeted Therapy
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