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Cited by 21TGF-β signaling in diseasesImmune Response and InflammationNF-κB Signaling Pathways

CD109, a master regulator of inflammatory responses

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Batal, Adel, Garousi, Setareh, Finnson, Kenneth W., Philip, Anie·2025·Frontiers in Immunology
DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1505008PMC PMC11842317
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Abstract

Inflammation is a complex response to harmful stimuli, crucial for immunity, and linked to chronic diseases and cancer, with TGF-β and NF-κB pathways as key regulators. CD109 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein, that our group has originally identified as a TGF-β co-receptor and inhibitor of TGF-β signaling. CD109 modulates TGF-β and NF-κB pathways, to influence immune responses and inflammation. CD109’s multifaceted role in inflammation spans various tissue types, including the skin, lung, bone and bone-related tissues, and various types of cancers. CD109 exerts its effects by modulating processes such as cytokine secretion, immune cell recruitment, macrophage polarization, T helper cell function and cancer cell phenotype and function. Here, we review CD109’s regulatory functions in inflammatory responses in these various tissues and cell types. Exploration of CD109’s mechanisms of action will enhance our understanding of its contributions to disease pathology and its potential for therapeutic applications.

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  • This astrocyte subcluster was enriched for genes involved in extracellular matrix organization, metabolic support, and inflammatory modulation.

    “This subcluster was enriched for genes involved in extracellular matrix organization [102, 135, 136], metabolic support [135, 137], and inflammatory modulation [138–141].”

    From Tau Ablation Rewires Brain Cell Programs in Health and Restores Function in Disease (2026) · cites this paper as [140]

    The section on immune and inflammatory responses in tissues describes CD109’s effects on inflammatory signaling, supporting an inflammatory-modulation role. It does not examine astrocyte subclusters or show that any subcluster is enriched for genes with that role. The extracellular-matrix and metabolic-support parts of the sentence are attributed to other citations. (LLM, conf=0.76)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Batal, A., Garousi, S., Finnson, K. W., & Philip, A.
Affiliations
Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (CA)
Corresponding author
Philip, Anie
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Immunology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2025-02-07
Volume
15
Pages
1505008-1505008
ISSN
1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fimmu.2024.1505008
PMC
PMC11842317
OpenAlex
W4407262016
Cited by
21
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 6
FWCI
1.84
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (RN442412)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › TGF-β signaling in diseases
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
Keywords
CD109, inflammation, TGF-beta signaling, NF-κB signaling, GPI-anchored proteins, macrophage polarization, T helper cell function, cytokine production, immune cell recruitment, bone, skin, lung, cancer, therapeutic target
MeSH terms
Animals, Humans, Inflammation, Neoplasm Proteins, Signal Transduction, Antigens, CD, Transforming Growth Factor beta, NF-kappa B, GPI-Linked Proteins

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