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Candida Biofilms: Threats, Challenges, and Promising Strategies
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Candida species are fungal pathogens known for their ability to cause superficial and systemic infections in the human host. These pathogens are able to persist inside the host due to the development of pathogenicity and multidrug resistance traits, often leading to the failure of therapeutic strategies. One specific feature of Candida species pathogenicity is their ability to form biofilms, which protects them from external factors such as host immune system defences and antifungal drugs. This review focuses on the current threats and challenges when dealing with biofilms formed by Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis, highlighting the differences between the four species. Biofilm characteristics depend on the ability of each species to produce extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and display dimorphic growth, but also on the biofilm substratum, carbon source and other factors. Additionally, the transcriptional control over processes like adhesion, biofilm formation, filamentation and EPS production displays great complexity and diversity within pathogenic yeasts of the Candida genus. These differences not only have implications in the persistence of colonization and infections, but also on antifungal resistance typically found in Candida biofilm cells, potentiated by EPS, that functions as a barrier to drug diffusion, and by the overexpression of drug resistance transporters. The ability to interact with different species in in vivo Candida biofilms is also a key factor to consider when dealing with this problem. Despite many challenges, the most promising strategies that are currently available or under development to limit biofilm formation or to eradicate mature biofilms are discussed.
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“biofilms are known to hinder the penetration of antifungal drugs and host immune effectors and also trigger the formation of Candida persister cells, leading to poor clinical outcomes [52,53].”
From Aprepitant, an antiemetic agent, interferes with metal ion homeostasis of Candida auris and displays potent synergistic interactions with azole drugs (2020) · cites this paper as [52]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cavalheiro, M., & Teixeira, M. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Lisbon (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Teixeira, Miguel Cacho
- Venue
- Frontiers in Medicine
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-02-13
- Volume
- 5
- Pages
- 28-28
- ISSN
- 2296-858X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5816785
- OpenAlex
- W2792847166
- Cited by
- 690
- References
- 163
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 114 · 2021: 94 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 14
- FWCI
- 8.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (PTDC/BBB-BIO/4004/2014, SFRH/BD/116946/2016, UID/BIO/04565/2013)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Keywords
- Candida biofilms, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, extracellular polymeric substances, antifungal resistance, filamentation, fungal pathogenicity, host-pathogen interaction
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