CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 29Sepsis Diagnosis and TreatmentAntibiotic Use and ResistanceAntibiotics Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy

Effects of Inappropriate Administration of Empirical Antibiotics on Mortality in Adults With Bacteraemia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Open access
Hung, Yuan-Pin, Lee, Ching-Chi, Ko, Wen-Chien·2022·Frontiers in Medicine
DOI 10.3389/fmed.2022.869822PMC PMC9197423
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Introduction: Bloodstream infections are associated with high mortality rates and contribute substantially to healthcare costs, but a consensus on the prognostic benefits of appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy (EAT) for bacteraemia is lacking. Methods: We performed a systematic search of the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases through July 2021. Studies comparing the mortality rates of patients receiving appropriate and inappropriate EAT were considered eligible. The quality of the included studies was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute checklists. Results: We ultimately assessed 198 studies of 89,962 total patients. The pooled odds ratio (OR) for the prognostic impacts of inappropriate EAT was 2.06 (P < 0.001), and the funnel plot was symmetrically distributed. Among subgroups without between-study heterogeneity (I2 = 0%), those of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock (OR, 2.14), Pitt bacteraemia scores of ≥4 (OR, 1.88), cirrhosis (OR, 2.56), older age (OR, 1.78), and community-onset/acquired Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia infection (OR, 2.53) indicated a significant effect of inappropriate EAT on mortality. The pooled adjusted OR of 125 studies using multivariable analyses for the effects of inappropriate EAT on mortality was 2.02 (P < 0.001), and the subgroups with low heterogeneity (I2 < 25%) exhibiting significant effects of inappropriate EAT were those of patients with vascular catheter infections (adjusted OR, 2.40), pneumonia (adjusted OR, 2.72), or Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia (adjusted OR, 4.35). Notably, the pooled univariable and multivariable analyses were consistent in revealing the negligible impacts of inappropriate EAT on the subgroups of patients with urinary tract infections and Enterobacter bacteraemia. Conclusion: Although the current evidence is insufficient to demonstrate the benefits of prompt EAT in specific bacteraemic populations, we indicated that inappropriate EAT is associated with unfavorable mortality outcomes overall and in numerous subgroups. Prospective studies designed to test these specific populations are needed to ensure reliable conclusions. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42021270274.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fmed.2022.869822

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Use of inadequate and unnecessarily broad empiric antibiotics is linked to higher mortality.

    “Literature highlights that the use of inadequate and unnecessarily broad empiric antibiotics is linked to higher mortality [21, 22].”

    From Lab efficiency and improvements in the management of bloodstream infections: a before and after study (2025) · cites this paper as [21]

    The Results report that inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy was associated with higher mortality in adults with bacteraemia. The Methods define appropriateness by whether the antimicrobial was active against the causative organism; the paper does not establish that unnecessarily broad therapy is linked to higher mortality. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.89)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 205

  1. [1]Bates DW Pruess KE Lee TH. How bad are bacteremia and sepsis?: Outcomes in a cohort with suspected bacteremia. Arch Intern Med. (1995) 1556: 593– 598. 10.1001/archinte.155.6.593 7887754 · DOI
  2. [2]Levy MM Evans LE Rhodes A. The surviving sepsis campaign bundle: 2018 update. Intensive Care Med. (2018) 44: 925– 8. 10.1007/s00134-018-5085-0 29675566 · DOI · Paper page
  3. [3]Endimiani A Tamborini A Luzzaro F Lombardi G Toniolo A. A two-year analysis of risk factors and outcome in patients with bloodstream infection. Jpn J Infect Dis. (2003) 56: 1– 7. 12711818
  4. [4]Kim SH Park WB Lee CS Kang CI Bang JW Kim HB. Outcome of inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: analytical strategy using propensity scores. Clin Microbiol Infect. (2006) 12: 13– 21. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01294.x 16460541 · DOI
  5. [5]Retamar P Lopez-Prieto MD Nátera C de Cueto M Nuño E Herrero M. Reappraisal of the outcome of healthcare-associated and community-acquired bacteramia: a prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. (2013) 13: 1– 10. 10.1186/1471-2334-13-344 23883281 PMC3728109 · DOI
  6. [6]Boel J Søgaard M Andreasen V Jarløv JO Arpi M. Evaluating antibiotic stewardship programs in patients with bacteremia using administrative data: a cohort study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. (2015) 34: 1475– 84. 10.1007/s10096-015-2378-x 25894986 · DOI
  7. [7]Lee CC Lee CH Yang CY Hsieh CC Tang HJ Ko WC. Beneficial effects of early empirical administration of appropriate antimicrobials on survival and defervescence in adults with community-onset bacteremia. Crit Care. (2019) 23: 1– 12. 10.1186/s13054-019-2632-1 31747950 PMC6864953 · DOI
  8. [8]Falcone M Bassetti M Tiseo G Giordano C Nencini E Russo A. Time to appropriate antibiotic therapy is a predictor of outcome in patients with bloodstream infection caused by KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Crit Care. (2020) 24: 1– 12. 10.1186/s13054-020-2742-9 32000834 PMC6993311 · DOI
  9. [9]Chen HC Lin WL Lin CC Hsieh WH Hsieh CH Wu MH. Outcome of inadequate empirical antibiotic therapy in emergency department patients with community-onset bloodstream infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. (2013) 68: 947– 53. 10.1093/jac/dks475 23264512 · DOI
  10. [10]Seo H Lee SC Chung H Ra SH Sung H Kim MN. Clinical and microbiological analysis of risk factors for mortality in patients with carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae bacteremia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. (2020) 56: 106126. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106126 32755654 · DOI
  11. [11]Page MJ McKenzie JE Bossuyt PM Boutron I Hoffmann TC Mulrow CD. Updating guidance for reporting systematic reviews: development of the PRISMA 2020 statement. J Clin Epidemiol. (2021) 134: 103– 12. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.02.003 33577987 · DOI · Paper page
  12. [13]Hampel H Abraham NS El-Serag HB. Meta-analysis: obesity and the risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications. Ann Intern Med. (2005) 143: 199– 211. 10.7326/0003-4819-143-3-200508020-00006 16061918 · DOI
  13. [14]Petrelli F Ghidini M Ghidini A Perego G Cabiddu M Khakoo S. Use of antibiotics and risk of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancers. (2019) 11: 1174. 10.3390/cancers11081174 31416208 PMC6721461 · DOI
  14. [15]Babar ZU Dodani SK Nasim A. Treatment outcome and adverse effects of colistin in adult patients with carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteremia from Pakistan. Int J Infect Dis. (2021) 106: 171– 5. 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.004 33705852 · DOI
  15. [16]Martinez-Nadal G Puerta-Alcalde P Gudiol C Cardozo C Albasanz-Puig A Marco F. Inappropriate empirical antibiotic treatment in high-risk neutropenic patients with bacteremia in the era of multidrug resistance. Clin Infect Dis. (2020) 70: 1068– 74. 10.1093/cid/ciz319 31321410 · DOI
  16. [17]Álvarez-Marín R Navarro-Amuedo D Gasch-Blasi O Rodríguez-Martínez JM Calvo-Montes J Lara-Contreras R. A prospective, multicenter case control study of risk factors for acquisition and mortality in Enterobacter species bacteremia. J Infect. (2020) 80: 174– 81. 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.09.017 31585192 · DOI
  17. [18]Shargian-Alon L Gafter-Gvili A Ben-Zvi H Wolach O Yeshurun M Raanani P. Risk factors for mortality due to Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia in patients with hematological malignancies–a retrospective study. Leuk Lymphoma. (2019) 60: 2787– 92. 10.1080/10428194.2019.1599113 31014145 · DOI
  18. [19]Lim CL Spelman D. Mortality impact of empirical antimicrobial therapy in ESBL-and AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia in an Australian tertiary hospital. Infect Dis Health. (2019) 24: 124– 33. 10.1016/j.idh.2019.02.001 30928569 · DOI
  19. [20]Chusri S Chongsuvivatwong V Silpapojakul K Singkhamanan K Hortiwakul T Charernmak B. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of community and hospital-acquired Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. (2019) 52: 796– 806. 10.1016/j.jmii.2019.03.004 31031096 · DOI
  20. [21]Yamaga S Shime N. Association between appropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy and mortality from bloodstream infections in the intensive care unit. J Infect Chemother. (2018) 24: 267– 71. 10.1016/j.jiac.2017.11.011 29292180 · DOI
  21. [22]Saliba P Hornero A Cuervo G Grau I Jimenez E García D. Mortality risk factors among non-ICU patients with nosocomial vascular catheter-related bloodstream infections: a prospective cohort study. J Hosp Infect. (2018) 99: 48– 54. 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.11.002 29128346 · DOI
  22. [23]Park SY Lee EJ Kim T Yu SN Park K-H Lee MS. Early administration of appropriate antimicrobial agents to improve the outcome of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii complex bacteraemic pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. (2018) 51: 407– 12. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.10.018 29122697 · DOI
  23. [24]Liu LH Wang NY Wu AYJ Lin CC Lee CM Liu CP. Citrobacter freundii bacteremia: Risk factors of mortality and prevalence of resistance genes. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. (2018) 51: 565– 72. 10.1016/j.jmii.2016.08.016 28711438 · DOI
  24. [25]Kuo SH Lin WR Lin JY Huang CH Jao YT Yang PW. The epidemiology, antibiograms and predictors of mortality among critically-ill patients with central line-associated bloodstream infections. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. (2018) 51: 401– 10. 10.1016/j.jmii.2017.08.016 28943144 · DOI
  25. [26]Kleinhendler E Cohen MJ Moses AE Paltiel O Strahilevitz J Cahan A. Empiric antibiotic protocols for cancer patients with neutropenia: a single–center study of treatment efficacy and mortality in patients with bacteremia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. (2018) 51: 71– 6. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.06.016 28705670 · DOI
  26. [27]Haruki Y Hagiya H Haruki M Sugiyama T. Clinical characteristics and outcome of critically ill patients with bacteremia caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing and non-producing Escherichia coli. J Infect Chemother. (2018) 24: 944– 7. 10.1016/j.jiac.2018.04.016 29803763 · DOI
  27. [28]Bassetti M Righi E Del Giacomo P Sartor A Ansaldi F Trucchi C. Predictors of mortality with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in elderly adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. (2018) 66: 1284– 9. 10.1111/jgs.15391 29664994 · DOI
  28. [29]Bartoletti M Giannella M Lewis R Caraceni P Tedeschi S Paul M. A prospective multicentre study of the epidemiology and outcomes of bloodstream infection in cirrhotic patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. (2018) 24: 546. e541–546. e548. 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.01.013 28818628 · DOI
  29. [30]Zhang Y Du M Chang Y Chen L-a Zhang Q. Incidence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of nosocomial Enterococcus spp bloodstream infections in a tertiary-care hospital in Beijing, China: a four-year retrospective study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. (2017) 6: 1– 11. 10.1186/s13756-017-0231-y 28680588 PMC5496248 · DOI
  30. [31]Yu WL Lee MF Chen CC Tang HJ Ho CH Chuang YC. Impacts of hypervirulence determinants on clinical features and outcomes of bacteremia caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Microb Drug Resist. (2017) 23: 376– 83. 10.1089/mdr.2016.0018 27380450 · DOI
  31. [32]Xie Y Tu B Xu Z Zhang X Bi J Zhao M. Bacterial distributions and prognosis of bloodstream infections in patients with liver cirrhosis. Sci Rep. (2017) 7: 1– 9. 10.1038/s41598-017-11587-1 28904387 PMC5597589 · DOI
  32. [33]Wang X Zhang L Sun A Yang X Sang W Jiang Y. Acinetobacter baumannii bacteraemia in patients with haematological malignancy: a multicentre retrospective study from the Infection Working Party of Jiangsu Society of Hematology. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. (2017) 36: 1073– 81. 10.1007/s10096-016-2895-2 28101785 · DOI
  33. [34]Wang W Jiang T Zhang W Li C Chen J Xiang D. Predictors of mortality in bloodstream infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria: 4 years of collection. Am J Infect Control. (2017) 45: 59– 64. 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.08.008 27765296 · DOI
  34. [35]Tagashira Y Sakamoto N Isogai T Hikone M Kosaka A Chino R. Impact of inadequate initial antimicrobial therapy on mortality in patients with bacteraemic cholangitis: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect. (2017) 23: 740– 7. 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.02.027 28254686 · DOI
  35. [36]Satlin MJ Chen L Patel G Gomez-Simmonds A Weston G Kim AC. Multicenter clinical and molecular epidemiological analysis of bacteremia due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in the CRE epicenter of the United States. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. (2017) 61: e02349– 02316. 10.1128/AAC.02349-16 28167547 PMC5365653 · DOI
  36. [37]Royo-Cebrecos C Gudiol C García J Tubau F Laporte J Ardanuy C. Characteristics, aetiology, antimicrobial resistance and outcomes of bacteraemic cholangitis in patients with solid tumours: a prospective cohort study. J Infect. (2017) 74: 172– 8. 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.10.008 27826062 · DOI
  37. [38]Man MY Shum HP Chan YH Chan K Yan WW Lee R. Clinical predictors and outcomes of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteraemia in a regional hospital in Hong Kong. J Hosp Infect. (2017) 97: 35– 41. 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.06.007 28602703 · DOI
  38. [39]Ma J Li N Liu Y Wang C Liu X Chen S. Antimicrobial resistance patterns, clinical features, and risk factors for septic shock and death of nosocomial E coli bacteremia in adult patients with hematological disease: a monocenter retrospective study in China. Medicine. (2017) 96: e6959. 10.1097/MD.0000000000006959 28538389 PMC5457869 · DOI
  39. [40]Li L Huang H. Risk factors of mortality in bloodstream infections caused by Klebsiella pneumonia: a single-center retrospective study in China. Medicine. (2017) 96: e7924. 10.1097/MD.0000000000007924 28858116 PMC5585510 · DOI
  40. [41]Lee CC Wang JL Lee CH Hung YP Hong MY Chang CM. Age-related trends in adults with community-onset bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2017) 61: e01050– 01017. 10.1128/AAC.01050-17 28923864 PMC5700340 · DOI
  41. [42]Gradel KO Jensen US Schønheyder HC Østergaard C Knudsen JD Wehberg S. Impact of appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment on recurrence and mortality in patients with bacteraemia: a population-based cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. (2017) 17: 1– 9. 10.1186/s12879-017-2233-z 28166732 PMC5294810 · DOI
  42. [43]Adrie C Garrouste-Orgeas M Essaied WI Schwebel C Darmon M Mourvillier B. Attributable mortality of ICU-acquired bloodstream infections: impact of the source, causative micro-organism, resistance profile and antimicrobial therapy. J Infect. (2017) 74: 131– 41. 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.11.001 27838521 · DOI
  43. [44]Yoon YK Park DW Sohn JW Kim HY Kim YS Lee CS. Effects of inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy on mortality in patients with healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a propensity-matched analysis. BMC Infect Dis. (2016) 16: 1– 12. 10.1186/s12879-016-1650-8 27418274 PMC4946186 · DOI
  44. [45]Yilmaz M Elaldi N Balkan II Arslan F Batirel AA Bakici MZ. Mortality predictors of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a prospective multicenter study. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. (2016) 15: 1– 10. 10.1186/s12941-016-0122-8 26860463 PMC4748515 · DOI
  45. [46]Trecarichi EM Pagano L Martino B Candoni A Di Blasi R Nadali G. Bloodstream infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in onco-hematological patients: clinical impact of carbapenem resistance in a multicentre prospective survey. Am J Hematol. (2016) 91: 1076– 81. 10.1002/ajh.24489 27428072 · DOI
  46. [47]Savage RD Fowler RA Rishu AH Bagshaw SM Cook D Dodek P. The effect of inadequate initial empiric antimicrobial treatment on mortality in critically ill patients with bloodstream infections: a multi-centre retrospective cohort study. PLoS ONE. (2016) 11: e0154944. 10.1371/journal.pone.0154944 27152615 PMC4859485 · DOI
  47. [48]Migiyama Y Yanagihara K Kaku N Harada Y Yamada K Nagaoka K. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia among immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients: relation to initial antibiotic therapy and survival. Jpn J Infect Dis. (2016) 69: 91– 6. 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2014.573 26073727 · DOI
  48. [49]Guillamet CV Vazquez R Noe J Micek ST Kollef MH. A cohort study of bacteremic pneumonia: The importance of antibiotic resistance and appropriate initial therapy? Medicine. (2016) 95: e4708. 10.1097/MD.0000000000004708 27583907 PMC5008591 · DOI
  49. [50]Gudiol C Royo-Cebrecos C Laporte J Ardanuy C Garcia-Vidal C Antonio M. Clinical features, aetiology and outcome of bacteraemic pneumonia in neutropenic cancer patients. Respirology. (2016) 21: 1411– 8. 10.1111/resp.12848 27417156 · DOI
  50. [51]De la Calle C Morata L Cobos-Trigueros N Martinez J Cardozo C Mensa J. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremic pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. (2016) 35: 497– 502. 10.1007/s10096-015-2566-8 26780692 · DOI
  51. [52]Cheng WL Hsueh PR Lee CC Li CW Li MJ Chang CM. Bacteremic pneumonia caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: appropriateness of empirical treatment matters. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. (2016) 49: 208– 15. 10.1016/j.jmii.2014.05.003 25070279 · DOI
  52. [53]Abraham K Dolman HS Zimmerman LH Faris J Edelman DA Baylor A. Impact of inappropriate initial antibiotics in critically ill surgical patients with bacteremia. Am J Surg. (2016) 211: 593– 8. 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2015.10.025 26778270 · DOI
  53. [54]Wu JN Gan TE Zhu YX Cao JM Ji CH Wu YH. Epidemiology and microbiology of nosocomial bloodstream infections: analysis of 482 cases from a retrospective surveillance study. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. (2015) 16: 70– 7. 10.1631/jzus.B1400108 25559958 PMC4288947 · DOI
  54. [55]Picot-Guéraud R Batailler P Caspar Y Hennebique A Mallaret M-R. Bacteremia caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria in a French university hospital center: 3 years of collection. Am J Infect Control. (2015) 43: 960– 4. 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.05.004 26082260 · DOI
  55. [56]Park S Kwon K Chung JW Huh H Chae S. Coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia: risk factors for mortality and impact of initial appropriate antimicrobial therapy on outcome. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. (2015) 34: 1395– 401. 10.1007/s10096-015-2364-3 25828065 · DOI
  56. [57]Park H Jang KJ Jang W Park SH Park JY Jeon TJ. Appropriate empirical antibiotic use and 30-d mortality in cirrhotic patients with bacteremia. World J Gastroenterol. (2015) 21: 3587. 10.3748/wjg.v21.i12.3587 25834324 PMC4375581 · DOI
  57. [58]Lee HY Chen CL Liu SY Yan YS Chang CJ Chiu CH. Impact of molecular epidemiology and reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides and daptomycin on outcomes of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. PLoS ONE. (2015) 10: e0136171. 10.1371/journal.pone.0136171 26295150 PMC4546585 · DOI
  58. [59]Hsieh CC Lee CC Chan TY Hong MY Chi CH Ko WC. Clinical features and impact of empirical therapy in cirrhotic adults with community-onset bacteremia. Am J Emerg Med. (2015) 33: 222– 8. 10.1016/j.ajem.2014.11.024 25498529 · DOI
  59. [60]Hernández C Fehér C Soriano A Marco F Almela M Cobos-Trigueros N. Clinical characteristics and outcome of elderly patients with community-onset bacteremia. J Infect. (2015) 70: 135– 43. 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.09.002 25224642 · DOI
  60. [61]Dimopoulos G Koulenti D Tabah A Poulakou G Vesin A Arvaniti K. Bloodstream infections in ICU with increased resistance: epidemiology and outcomes. Minerva Anestesiol. (2015) 81: 405– 18. 25220548
  61. [62]Cain SE Kohn J Bookstaver PB Albrecht H Al-Hasan MN. Stratification of the impact of inappropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy for Gram-negative bloodstream infections by predicted prognosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2015) 59: 245– 50. 10.1128/AAC.03935-14 25348527 PMC4291357 · DOI
  62. [63]Al-Dorzi HM Asiri AM Shimemri A Tamim HM Al Johani SM Al Dabbagh T. Impact of empirical antimicrobial therapy on the outcome of critically ill patients with Acinetobacter bacteremia. Ann Thorac Med. (2015) 10: 256. 10.4103/1817-1737.164302 26664563 PMC4652291 · DOI
  63. [64]Zilberberg MD Shorr AF Micek ST Vazquez-Guillamet C Kollef MH. Multi-drug resistance, inappropriate initial antibiotic therapy and mortality in Gram-negative severe sepsis and septic shock: a retrospective cohort study. Crit care. (2014) 18: 1– 13. 10.1186/s13054-014-0596-8 25412897 PMC4264255 · DOI
  64. [65]Shorr AF Zilberberg MD Micek ST Kollef MH. Predictors of hospital mortality among septic ICU patients with Acinetobacter spp. bacteremia: a cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. (2014) 14: 1– 7. 10.1186/s12879-014-0572-6 25358621 PMC4216657 · DOI
  65. [66]Rodríguez-Pardo D Almirante B Fernández-Hidalgo N Pigrau C Ferrer C Planes A. Impact of prompt catheter withdrawal and adequate antimicrobial therapy on the prognosis of hospital-acquired parenteral nutrition catheter-related bacteraemia. Clin Microbiol Infect. (2014) 20: 1205– 10. 10.1111/1469-0691.12703 24888250 · DOI
  66. [67]Marín M Gudiol C Garcia-Vidal C Ardanuy C Carratalà J. Bloodstream infections in patients with solid tumors: epidemiology, antibiotic therapy, and outcomes in 528 episodes in a single cancer center. Medicine. (2014) 93: 143– 9. 10.1097/MD.0000000000000026 24797169 PMC4632909 · DOI
  67. [68]Lee HY Chen CL Wu SR Huang CW Chiu CH. Risk factors and outcome analysis of Acinetobacter baumannii complex bacteremia in critical patients. Crit Care Med. (2014) 42: 1081– 8. 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000125 24394630 · DOI
  68. [69]Kim YJ Jun YH Kim YR Park KG Park YJ Kang JY. Risk factors for mortality in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia; retrospective study of impact of combination antimicrobial therapy. BMC Infect Dis. (2014) 14: 1– 7. 10.1186/1471-2334-14-161 24655422 PMC3994322 · DOI
  69. [70]Hernandez C Cobos-Trigueros N Feher C Morata L De La Calle C Marco F. Community-onset bacteraemia of unknown origin: clinical characteristics, epidemiology and outcome. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. (2014) 33: 1973– 80. 10.1007/s10096-014-2146-3 24907852 · DOI
  70. [71]Girometti N Lewis RE Giannella M Ambretti S Bartoletti M Tedeschi S. Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection: epidemiology and impact of inappropriate empirical therapy. Medicine. (2014) 93: 298– 309. 10.1097/MD.0000000000000111 25398065 PMC4602416 · DOI
  71. [72]Falcone M Vena A Mezzatesta M Gona F Caio C Goldoni P. Role of empirical and targeted therapy in hospitalized patients with bloodstream infections caused by ESBL. Ann Ig. (2014) 26: 293– 304. 10.7416/ai.2014.1989 25001119 · DOI
  72. [73]Davis JS McMillan M Swaminathan A Kelly JA Piera KE Baird RW. A 16-year prospective study of community-onset bacteremic Acinetobacter pneumonia: low mortality with appropriate initial empirical antibiotic protocols. Chest. (2014) 146: 1038– 45. 10.1378/chest.13-3065 24901292 · DOI
  73. [74]Bodro M Gudiol C Garcia-Vidal C Tubau F Contra A Boix L. Epidemiology, antibiotic therapy and outcomes of bacteremia caused by drug-resistant ESKAPE pathogens in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. (2014) 22: 603– 10. 10.1007/s00520-013-2012-3 24170166 · DOI
  74. [75]Bartoletti M Giannella M Caraceni P Domenicali M Ambretti S Tedeschi S. Epidemiology and outcomes of bloodstream infection in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol. (2014) 61: 51– 8. 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.03.021 24681345 · DOI
  75. [76]Yang CJ Chung YC Chen TC Chang HL Tsai YM Huang MS. The impact of inappropriate antibiotics on bacteremia patients in a community hospital in Taiwan: an emphasis on the impact of referral information for cases from a hospital affiliated nursing home. BMC Infect Dis. (2013) 13: 1– 8. 10.1186/1471-2334-13-500 24156241 PMC4015527 · DOI
  76. [77]Ruiz-Giardin JM Jimenez BC Martin RM Ortiz J Arenas MHC SanMartin JV. Clinical diagnostic accuracy of suspected sources of bacteremia and its effect on mortality. Eur J Intern Med. (2013) 24: 541– 5. 10.1016/j.ejim.2013.05.010 23768564 · DOI
  77. [78]Peña C Suarez C Ocampo-Sosa A Murillas J Almirante B Pomar V. Effect of adequate single-drug vs combination antimicrobial therapy on mortality in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections: a post hoc analysis of a prospective cohort. Clin Infect Dis. (2013) 57: 208– 16. 10.1093/cid/cit223 23580739 · DOI
  78. [79]Park JH Choi SH Chung JW. The impact of early adequate antimicrobial therapy on 14-day mortality in patients with monomicrobial Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia. J Infect Chemother. (2013) 19: 843– 9. 10.1007/s10156-013-0571-3 23665758 · DOI
  79. [80]Ortega M Marco F Soriano A Almela M Martinez J Pitart C. Epidemiology and prognostic determinants of bacteraemic catheter-acquired urinary tract infection in a single institution from 1991 to 2010. Journal of Infection. (2013) 67: 282– 7. 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.06.003 23774535 · DOI
  80. [81]Molina J Penuela I Lepe J Gutierrez-Pizarraya A Gomez M Garcia-Cabrera E. Mortality and hospital stay related to coagulase-negative Staphylococci bacteremia in non-critical patients. J Infect. (2013) 66: 155– 62. 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.10.021 23103291 · DOI
  81. [82]Lee NY Lee JC Li MC Li CW Ko WC. Empirical antimicrobial therapy for critically ill patients with Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia: combination is better. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. (2013) 46: 397– 8. 10.1016/j.jmii.2013.03.004 23632604 · DOI
  82. [83]Kuo SC Lee YT Yang SP Chiang MC Lin YT Tseng FC. Evaluation of the effect of appropriate antimicrobial therapy on mortality associated with Acinetobacter nosocomialis bacteraemia. Clin Microbiol Infect. (2013) 19: 634– 9. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03967.x 22776466 · DOI
  83. [84]Kang CI Wi YM Ko KS Chung DR Peck KR Lee NY. Outcomes and risk factors for mortality in community-onset bacteremia caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli, with a special emphasis on antimicrobial therapy. Scand J Infect Dis. (2013) 45: 519– 25. 10.3109/00365548.2013.775479 23509913 · DOI
  84. [85]Kang CI Sung YK Lee KH Lee KT Lee JK. Clinical impact of inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy on outcome in bacteremic biliary tract infections. Scand J Infect Dis. (2013) 45: 227– 34. 10.3109/00365548.2012.730151 23113605 · DOI
  85. [86]Horcajada J Shaw E Padilla B Pintado V Calbo E Benito N. Healthcare-associated, community-acquired and hospital-acquired bacteraemic urinary tract infections in hospitalized patients: a prospective multicentre cohort study in the era of antimicrobial resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. (2013) 19: 962– 8. 10.1111/1469-0691.12089 23279375 · DOI
  86. [87]Gudiol C Ayats J Camoez M Domínguez MÁ García-Vidal C Bodro M. Increase in bloodstream infection due to vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium in cancer patients: risk factors, molecular epidemiology and outcomes. PLoS ONE. (2013) 8: e74734. 10.1371/journal.pone.0074734 24069339 PMC3778008 · DOI
  87. [89]Garnacho-Montero J Díaz-Martín A García-Cabrera E Ruiz Pérez de. Pipaón M, Hernández-Caballero C, Lepe-Jiménez JA. Impact on hospital mortality of catheter removal and adequate antifungal therapy in Candida spp bloodstream infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. (2013) 68: 206– 13. 10.1093/jac/dks347 22945914 · DOI
  88. [90]Frakking FN Rottier WC Dorigo-Zetsma JW van Hattem JM Van Hees BC Kluytmans JA. Appropriateness of empirical treatment and outcome in bacteremia caused by extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2013) 57: 3092– 9. 10.1128/AAC.01523-12 23612198 PMC3697326 · DOI
  89. [91]Bang JH Jung Y Cheon S Kim CJ Song KH Choe PG. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in patients with liver cirrhosis: a comparison with bacteremia caused by Enterobacteriaceae. BMC Infect Dis. (2013) 13: 1– 6. 10.1186/1471-2334-13-332 23870005 PMC3720192 · DOI
  90. [92]Wu UI Chen WC Yang CS Wang L Hu FC Chang SC. Ertapenem in the treatment of bacteremia caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli: a propensity score analysis. Int J Infect Dis. (2012) 16: e47– 52. 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.09.019 22055248 · DOI
  91. [93]Tumbarello M Viale P Viscoli C Trecarichi EM Tumietto F Marchese A. Predictors of mortality in bloodstream infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase–producing K. pneumoniae: importance of combination therapy. Clin Infect Dis. (2012) 55: 943– 50. 10.1093/cid/cis588 22752516 · DOI
  92. [94]Tumbarello M Trecarichi EM Fiori B Losito AR D'Inzeo T Campana L. Multidrug-resistant Proteus mirabilis bloodstream infections: risk factors and outcomes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2012) 56: 3224– 31. 10.1128/AAC.05966-11 22450979 PMC3370815 · DOI
  93. [95]Sancho S Artero A Zaragoza R Camarena J González R Nogueira J. Impact of nosocomial polymicrobial bloodstream infections on the outcome in critically ill patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. (2012) 31: 1791– 6. 10.1007/s10096-011-1503-8 22167257 · DOI
  94. [96]Rong C Yan ZQ Dan F Luo YP Wang LL Shen DX. Nosocomial bloodstream infection in patients caused byStaphylococcus aureus: drug susceptibility, outcome, and risk factors for hospital mortality. Chin Med J. (2012) 125: 226– 9. 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.2012.02.012 22340550 · DOI
  95. [97]Retamar P Portillo MM López-Prieto MD Rodríguez-López F De Cueto M García MV. Impact of inadequate empirical therapy on the mortality of patients with bloodstream infections: a propensity score-based analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2012) 56: 472– 8. 10.1128/AAC.00462-11 22005999 PMC3256027 · DOI
  96. [98]Peralta G Lamelo M Álvarez-García P Velasco M Delgado A Horcajada JP. Impact of empirical treatment in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. bacteremia A multicentric cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. (2012) 12: 1– 7. 10.1186/1471-2334-12-245 23038999 PMC3519701 · DOI
  97. [99]Park SY Park HJ Moon SM Park KH Chong YP Kim MN. Impact of adequate empirical combination therapy on mortality from bacteremic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis. (2012) 12: 1– 6. 10.1186/1471-2334-12-308 23157735 PMC3519646 · DOI
  98. [100]Ortega M Marco F Soriano A Almela M Martinez J Lopez J. Epidemiology and prognostic determinants of bacteraemic biliary tract infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. (2012) 67: 1508– 13. 10.1093/jac/dks062 22408140 · DOI
  99. [101]Morata L Cobos-Trigueros N Martínez JA Soriano Á Almela M Marco F. Influence of multidrug resistance and appropriate empirical therapy on the 30-day mortality rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2012) 56: 4833– 7. 10.1128/AAC.00750-12 22751533 PMC3421866 · DOI
  100. [102]Lye D Earnest A Ling M Lee TE Yong HC Fisher D. The impact of multidrug resistance in healthcare-associated and nosocomial Gram-negative bacteraemia on mortality and length of stay: cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect. (2012) 18: 502– 8. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03606.x 21851482 · DOI
  101. [103]Lee YT Kuo SC Yang SP Lin YT Tseng FC Chen TL. Impact of appropriate antimicrobial therapy on mortality associated with Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia: relation to severity of infection. Clin Infect Dis. (2012) 55: 209– 15. 10.1093/cid/cis385 22495546 · DOI
  102. [104]Lee CC Lee CH Chuang MC Hong MY Hsu HC Ko WC. Impact of inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy on outcome of bacteremic adults visiting the ED. Am J Emerg Med. (2012) 30: 1447– 56. 10.1016/j.ajem.2011.11.010 22205015 · DOI
  103. [105]Labelle A Juang P Reichley R Micek S Hoffmann J Hoban A. The determinants of hospital mortality among patients with septic shock receiving appropriate initial antibiotic treatment. Crit Care Med. (2012) 40: 2016– 21. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318250aa72 22584765 · DOI
  104. [106]Jung Y Lee MJ Sin HY Kim NH Hwang JH Park J. Differences in characteristics between healthcare-associated and community-acquired infection in community-onset Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection in Korea. BMC Infect Dis. (2012) 12: 1– 9. 10.1186/1471-2334-12-239 23034099 PMC3519694 · DOI
  105. [107]Horino T Chiba A Kawano S Kato T Sato F Maruyama Y. Clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality in patients with bacteremia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Intern Med. (2012) 51: 59– 64. 10.2169/internalmedicine.51.5698 22214624 · DOI
  106. [108]Bassetti M Trecarichi EM Mesini A Spanu T Giacobbe D Rossi M. Risk factors and mortality of healthcare-associated and community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Clin Microbiol Infect. (2012) 18: 862– 9. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03679.x 21999245 · DOI
  107. [109]Zarkotou O Pournaras S Tselioti P Dragoumanos V Pitiriga V Ranellou K. Predictors of mortality in patients with bloodstream infections caused by KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and impact of appropriate antimicrobial treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect. (2011) 17: 1798– 803. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03514.x 21595793 · DOI
  108. [110]Wang SS Lee NY Hsueh PR Huang WH Tsui KC Lee HC. Clinical manifestations and prognostic factors in cancer patients with bacteremia due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. (2011) 44: 282– 8. 10.1016/j.jmii.2010.08.004 21524962 · DOI
  109. [111]Tuon FF Kruger M Terreri M Penteado-Filho SR Gortz L. Klebsiella ESBL bacteremia-mortality and risk factors. Braz J Infect Dis. (2011) 15: 594– 8. 10.1590/S1413-86702011000600016 22218521 · DOI
  110. [112]Tumbarello M Repetto E Trecarichi EM Bernardini C De Pascale G Parisini A. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections: risk factors and mortality. Epidemiol Infect. (2011) 139: 1740– 9. 10.1017/S0950268810003055 21226988 · DOI
  111. [113]Takesue Y Nakajima K Takahashi Y Ichiki K Wada Y Tsuchida T. Clinical characteristics of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration of 2 μg/ml methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients with bacteremia. J Infect Chemother. (2011) 17: 52– 7. 10.1007/s10156-010-0086-0 20625789 · DOI
  112. [114]Song JY Cheong HJ Choi WS Heo JY Noh JY Kim WJ. Clinical and microbiological characterization of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infections. J Med Microbiol. (2011) 60: 605– 11. 10.1099/jmm.0.029439-0 21233298 · DOI
  113. [115]Shime N Satake S Fujita N. De-escalation of antimicrobials in the treatment of bacteraemia due to antibiotic-sensitive pathogens in immunocompetent patients. Infection. (2011) 39: 319– 25. 10.1007/s15010-011-0116-6 21509424 · DOI
  114. [116]Schechner V Gottesman T Schwartz O Korem M Maor Y Rahav G. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia upon hospital admission: risk factors for mortality and influence of inadequate empirical antimicrobial therapy. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. (2011) 71: 38– 45. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.05.010 21763093 · DOI
  115. [117]Reisfeld S Paul M Gottesman B Shitrit P Leibovici L Chowers M. The effect of empiric antibiotic therapy on mortality in debilitated patients with dementia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. (2011) 30: 813– 8. 10.1007/s10096-011-1161-x 21267621 · DOI
  116. [118]Rebelo M Pereira B Lima J Decq-Mota J Vieira JD Costa JN. Predictors of in-hospital mortality in elderly patients with bacteraemia admitted to an Internal Medicine ward. Int Arch Med. (2011) 4: 1– 9. 10.1186/1755-7682-4-33 21970460 PMC3206823 · DOI
  117. [119]Park SH Choi SM Lee DG Kim J Choi JH Kim SH. Emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli as a cause of community-onset bacteremia in South Korea: risk factors and clinical outcomes. Microb Drug Resist. (2011) 17: 537– 44. 10.1089/mdr.2011.0072 21875342 · DOI
  118. [120]Ortega M Marco F Soriano A Almela M Martínez J López J. Cefotaxime resistance and outcome of Klebsiella spp bloodstream infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. (2011) 30: 1599– 605. 10.1007/s10096-011-1266-2 21509474 · DOI
  119. [121]Lewis T Chaudhry R Nightingale P Lambert P Das I. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: epidemiology, outcome, and laboratory characteristics in a tertiary referral center in the UK. Int J Infect Dis. (2011) 15: e131– 5. 10.1016/j.ijid.2010.09.013 21134776 · DOI
  120. [122]Lee SS Kim Y Chung DR. Impact of discordant empirical therapy on outcome of community-acquired bacteremic acute pyelonephritis. J Infect. (2011) 62: 159– 64. 10.1016/j.jinf.2010.10.009 21055417 · DOI
  121. [123]Ku NS Han SH Kim CO Baek JH Jeong SJ Jin SJ. Risk factors for mortality in patients with Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteraemia. Scand J Infect Dis. (2011) 43: 792– 7. 10.3109/00365548.2011.589076 21888567 · DOI
  122. [124]Johnson MT Reichley R Hoppe-Bauer J Dunne WM Micek S Kollef M. Impact of previous antibiotic therapy on outcome of Gram-negative severe sepsis. Crit Care Med. (2011) 39: 1859– 65. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31821b85f4 21499086 · DOI
  123. [125]Gudiol C Tubau F Calatayud L Garcia-Vidal C Cisnal M Sánchez-Ortega I. Bacteraemia due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in cancer patients: risk factors, antibiotic therapy and outcomes. J Antimicrob Chemother. (2011) 66: 657– 63. 10.1093/jac/dkq494 21193475 · DOI
  124. [126]Feodoroff B Lauhio A Ellström P Rautelin H. A nationwide study of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli bacteremia in Finland over a 10-year period, 1998–2007, with special reference to clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility. Clin Infect Dis. (2011) 53: e99– e106. 10.1093/cid/cir509 21921217 PMC3174097 · DOI
  125. [127]Enoch D Phillimore N Mlangeni D Salihu H Sismey A Aliyu S. Outcome for Gram-negative bacteraemia when following restrictive empirical antibiotic guidelines. QJM. (2011) 104: 411– 9. 10.1093/qjmed/hcq228 21115461 · DOI
  126. [128]De Rosa FG Pagani N Fossati L Raviolo S Cometto C Cavallerio P. The effect of inappropriate therapy on bacteremia by ESBL-producing bacteria. Infection. (2011) 39: 555– 61. 10.1007/s15010-011-0201-x 22048926 · DOI
  127. [129]Cheol-In K Chung DR Ko KS Peck KR Song JH Diseases KNftSoI. Risk factors for mortality and impact of broad-spectrum cephalosporin resistance on outcome in bacteraemic intra-abdominal infections caused by Gram-negative bacilli. Scand J Infect Dis. (2011) 43: 202– 8. 10.3109/00365548.2010.539257 21142623 · DOI
  128. [130]Asgeirsson H Kristjansson M Kristinsson KG Gudlaugsson O. Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia–Nationwide assessment of treatment adequacy and outcome. J Infect. (2011) 62: 339– 46. 10.1016/j.jinf.2011.03.003 21402101 · DOI
  129. [131]Vitkauskiene A Skrodeniene E Dambrauskiene A Macas A Sakalauskas R. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: resistance to antibiotics, risk factors, and patient mortality. Medicina. (2010) 46: 490. 10.3390/medicina46070071 20966623 · DOI
  130. [132]Tumbarello M Spanu T Di Bidino R Marchetti M Ruggeri M Trecarichi EM. Costs of bloodstream infections caused by Escherichia coli and influence of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase production and inadequate initial antibiotic therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2010) 54: 4085– 91. 10.1128/AAC.00143-10 20660675 PMC2944559 · DOI
  131. [133]Tam VH Rogers CA Chang KT Weston JS Caeiro JP Garey KW. Impact of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia on patient outcomes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2010) 54: 3717– 22. 10.1128/AAC.00207-10 20585122 PMC2935002 · DOI
  132. [134]Son JS Song JH Ko KS Yeom JS Ki HK Kim SW. Bloodstream infections and clinical significance of healthcare-associated bacteremia: a multicenter surveillance study in Korean hospitals. J Korean Med Sci. (2010) 25: 992– 8. 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.7.992 20592888 PMC2890898 · DOI
  133. [135]Schweizer ML Furuno JP Harris AD Johnson JK Shardell MD McGregor JC. Empiric antibiotic therapy for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia may not reduce in-hospital mortality: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS ONE. (2010) 5: e11432. 10.1371/journal.pone.0011432 20625395 PMC2896397 · DOI
  134. [136]Rodríguez-Baño J Picón E Gijón P Hernández JR Ruíz M Peña C. Community-onset bacteremia due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli: risk factors and prognosis. Clin Infect Dis. (2010) 50: 40– 8. 10.1086/649537 19995215 · DOI
  135. [137]Rodríguez-Baño J Picón E Gijón P Hernández JR Cisneros JM Peña C. Risk factors and prognosis of nosocomial bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. (2010) 48: 1726– 31. 10.1128/JCM.02353-09 20181897 PMC2863889 · DOI
  136. [138]Paul M Kariv G Goldberg E Raskin M Shaked H Hazzan R. Importance of appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother. (2010) 65: 2658– 65. 10.1093/jac/dkq373 20947620 · DOI · Paper page
  137. [139]Micek ST Welch EC Khan J Pervez M Doherty JA Reichley RM. Empiric combination antibiotic therapy is associated with improved outcome against sepsis due to Gram-negative bacteria: a retrospective analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2010) 54: 1742– 8. 10.1128/AAC.01365-09 20160050 PMC2863648 · DOI
  138. [140]Martinez J Cobos-Trigueros N Soriano A Almela M Ortega M Marco F. Influence of empiric therapy with a β-lactam alone or combined with an aminoglycoside on prognosis of bacteremia due to gram-negative microorganisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2010) 54: 3590– 6. 10.1128/AAC.00115-10 20585123 PMC2934963 · DOI
  139. [141]Lin PY Chen HL Huang CT Su LH Chiu CH. Biofilm production, use of intravascular indwelling catheters and inappropriate antimicrobial therapy as predictors of fatality in Chryseobacterium meningosepticum bacteraemia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. (2010) 36: 436– 40. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.033 20933186 · DOI
  140. [142]Khan FY Elshafie SS Almaslamani M Abu-Khattab M El Hiday AH Errayes M. Epidemiology of bacteraemia in Hamad general hospital, Qatar: a one year hospital-based study. Travel Med Infect Dis. (2010) 8: 377– 87. 10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.10.004 21074495 · DOI
  141. [143]Corona A Bertolini G Lipman J Wilson AP Singer M. Antibiotic use and impact on outcome from bacteraemic critical illness: the BActeraemia Study in Intensive Care (BASIC). J Antimicrob Chemother. (2010) 65: 1276– 85. 10.1093/jac/dkq088 20335186 · DOI
  142. [144]Abhilash K Veeraraghavan B Abraham O. Epidemiology and outcome of bacteremia caused by extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. in a tertiary care teaching hospital in south India. J Assoc Physicians India. (2010) 58(Suppl): 13– 7. 21563608
  143. [145]Trecarichi EM Tumbarello M Spanu T Caira M Fianchi L Chiusolo P. Incidence and clinical. Impact of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) production and fluoroquinolone resistance in bloodstream infections caused by Escherichia coli in patients with hematological malignancies. J Infect. (2009) 58: 299– 307. 10.1016/j.jinf.2009.02.002 19272650 · DOI
  144. [146]Su CP Huang PY Yang CC Lee MH. Fusobacterium bacteremia: clinical significance and outcomes. J Microbiol Immunol. (2009) 42: 336– 42. 19949758
  145. [147]Ortega M Marco F Soriano A Almela M Martínez J Munoz A. Analysis of 4758 Escherichia coli bacteraemia episodes: predictive factors for isolation of an antibiotic-resistant strain and their impact on the outcome. J Antimicrob Chemother. (2009) 63: 568– 74. 10.1093/jac/dkn514 19126669 · DOI
  146. [148]Metan G Sariguzel F Sumerkan B. Factors influencing survival in patients with multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter bacteraemia. Eur J Intern Med. (2009) 20: 540– 4. 10.1016/j.ejim.2009.05.005 19712862 · DOI
  147. [149]Klevay MJ Horn DL Neofytos D Pfaller MA Diekema DJ. Initial treatment and outcome of Candida glabrata versus Candida albicans bloodstream infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. (2009) 64: 152– 7. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.03.007 19376667 · DOI
  148. [150]Evans CT Burns SP Chin A Weaver FM Hershow RC. Predictors and outcomes of antibiotic adequacy for bloodstream infections in veterans with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. (2009) 90: 1364– 70. 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.02.012 19651270 · DOI
  149. [151]Erbay A Idil A Gözel MG Mumcuoglu I Balaban N. Impact of early appropriate antimicrobial therapy on survival in Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. (2009) 34: 575– 9. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.07.006 19740628 · DOI
  150. [152]Daikos GL Petrikkos P Psichogiou M Kosmidis C Vryonis E Skoutelis A. Prospective observational study of the impact of VIM-1 metallo-β-lactamase on the outcome of patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2009) 53: 1868– 73. 10.1128/AAC.00782-08 19223638 PMC2681519 · DOI
  151. [153]Chang EP Chiang DH Lin ML Chen TL Wang FD Liu CY. Clinical characteristics and predictors of mortality in patients with Enterobacter aerogenes bacteremia. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. (2009) 42: 329– 35. 19949757
  152. [154]Ammerlaan H Seifert H Harbarth S Brun-Buisson C Torres A Antonelli M. Adequacy of antimicrobial treatment and outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in 9 Western European countries. Clin Infect Dis. (2009) 49: 997– 1005. 10.1086/605555 19719417 · DOI
  153. [155]Wareham D Bean DC Khanna P Hennessy E Krahe D Ely A. Bloodstream infection due to Acinetobacter spp: epidemiology, risk factors and impact of multi-drug resistance. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. (2008) 27: 607– 12. 10.1007/s10096-008-0473-y 18283503 · DOI
  154. [156]Tumbarello M Sali M Trecarichi EM Leone F Rossi M Fiori B. Bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli: risk factors for inadequate initial antimicrobial therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2008) 52: 3244– 52. 10.1128/AAC.00063-08 18591273 PMC2533461 · DOI
  155. [157]Soriano A Marco F Martínez JA Pisos E Almela M Dimova VP. Influence of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration on the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. (2008) 46: 193– 200. 10.1086/524667 18171250 · DOI
  156. [158]Marschall J Agniel D Fraser VJ Doherty J Warren DK. Gram-negative bacteraemia in non-ICU patients: factors associated with inadequate antibiotic therapy and impact on outcomes. J Antimicrob Chemother. (2008) 61: 1376– 83. 10.1093/jac/dkn104 18344548 PMC2902848 · DOI
  157. [159]Marcos M Inurrieta A Soriano A Martínez JA Almela M Marco F. Effect of antimicrobial therapy on mortality in 377 episodes of Enterobacter spp. bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother. (2008) 62: 397– 403. 10.1093/jac/dkn155 18420813 · DOI
  158. [160]Lin MY Weinstein RA Hota B. Delay of active antimicrobial therapy and mortality among patients with bacteremia: impact of severe neutropenia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2008) 52: 3188– 94. 10.1128/AAC.01553-07 18625778 PMC2533498 · DOI
  159. [161]Labelle AJ Micek ST Roubinian N Kollef MH. Treatment-related risk factors for hospital mortality in Candida bloodstream infections. Crit Care Med. (2008) 36: 2967– 72. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818b3477 18824910 · DOI · Paper page
  160. [162]Cheong HS Kang CI Wi YM Kim ES Lee JS Ko KS. Clinical significance and predictors of community-onset Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia. Am J Med. (2008) 121: 709– 14. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.03.034 18691485 · DOI
  161. [163]Peralta G Sanchez MB Garrido JC De Benito I Cano ME Martínez-Martínez L. Impact of antibiotic resistance and of adequate empirical antibiotic treatment in the prognosis of patients with Escherichia coli bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother. (2007) 60: 855– 63. 10.1093/jac/dkm279 17644532 · DOI
  162. [164]Osih RB McGregor JC Rich SE Moore AC Furuno JP Perencevich EN. Impact of empiric antibiotic therapy on outcomes in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2007) 51: 839– 44. 10.1128/AAC.00901-06 17194829 PMC1803143 · DOI
  163. [165]Ortega M Almela M Martinez J Marco F Soriano A Lopez J. Epidemiology and outcome of primary community-acquired bacteremia in adult patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. (2007) 26: 453– 7. 10.1007/s10096-007-0304-6 17541655 · DOI
  164. [166]Lodise TP Jr Patel N Kwa A Graves J Furuno JP Graffunder E. Predictors of 30-day mortality among patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections: impact of delayed appropriate antibiotic selection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2007) 51: 3510– 5. 10.1128/AAC.00338-07 17646415 PMC2043259 · DOI
  165. [167]Bassetti M Trecarichi EM Righi E Sanguinetti M Bisio F Posteraro B. Incidence, risk factors, and predictors of outcome of candidemia. Survey in 2 Italian university hospitals. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. (2007) 58: 325– 31. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.01.005 17350205 · DOI
  166. [168]Ye Y Li J Ye D Jiang Z. Enterobacter bacteremia: Clinical features, risk factors for multiresistance and mortality in a Chinese University Hospital. Infection. (2006) 34: 252– 7. 10.1007/s15010-006-5038-3 17033748 · DOI
  167. [169]Schramm GE Johnson JA Doherty JA Micek ST Kollef MH. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sterile-site infection: the importance of appropriate initial antimicrobial treatment. Crit Care Med. (2006) 34: 2069– 74. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000227655.41566.3E 16763516 · DOI · Paper page
  168. [170]Marra AR Edmond MB Forbes BA Wenzel RP Bearman GM. Time to blood culture positivity as a predictor of clinical outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection. J Clin Microbiol. (2006) 44: 1342– 6. 10.1128/JCM.44.4.1342-1346.2006 16597860 PMC1448655 · DOI
  169. [171]Lin YC Chen TL Ju HL Chen HS Wang FD Yu KW. Clinical characteristics and risk factors for attributable mortality in Enterobacter cloacae bacteremia. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. (2006) 39: 67– 72. 16440126
  170. [172]Khatib R Saeed S Sharma M Riederer K Fakih M Johnson L. Impact of initial antibiotic choice and delayed appropriate treatment on the outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dise. (2006) 25: 181– 5. 10.1007/s10096-006-0096-0 16505987 · DOI · Paper page
  171. [173]Guilarde A Turchi M Martelli C Primo M. Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: incidence, risk factors and predictors for death in a Brazilian teaching hospital. J Hosp Infect. (2006) 63: 330– 6. 10.1016/j.jhin.2006.02.011 16713018 · DOI
  172. [174]Garey KW Rege M Pai MP Mingo DE Suda KJ Turpin RS. Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional study. Clin Infect Dis. (2006) 43: 25– 31. 10.1086/504810 16758414 · DOI · Paper page
  173. [176]Falagas ME Kasiakou SK Rafailidis PI Zouglakis G Morfou P. Comparison of mortality of patients with Acinetobacter baumannii bacteraemia receiving appropriate and inappropriate empirical therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. (2006) 57: 1251– 4. 10.1093/jac/dkl130 16627593 · DOI
  174. [177]Wang FD Lin ML Liu CY. Bacteremia in patients with hematological malignancies. Chemotherapy. (2005) 51: 147– 53. 10.1159/000085623 15886475 · DOI
  175. [178]Shih HI Lee HC Lee NY Chang CM Wu CJ Wang LR. Serratia marcescens bacteremia at a medical center in southern Taiwan: high prevalence of cefotaxime resistance. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. (2005) 38: 350– 7. 16211144
  176. [179]Micek ST Lloyd AE Ritchie DJ Reichley RM Fraser VJ Kollef MH. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection: importance of appropriate initial antimicrobial treatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2005) 49: 1306– 11. 10.1128/AAC.49.4.1306-1311.2005 15793102 PMC1068618 · DOI
  177. [180]Metan G Zarakolu P Çakir B Hascelik G Uzun O. Clinical outcomes and therapeutic options of bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Int J Antimicrob Agents. (2005) 26: 254– 7. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.06.012 16122910 · DOI
  178. [181]Kang CI Kim SH Park WB Lee KD Kim HB Kim EC. Bloodstream infections caused by antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacilli: risk factors for mortality and impact of inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy on outcome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2005) 49: 760– 6. 10.1128/AAC.49.2.760-766.2005 15673761 PMC547233 · DOI
  179. [182]Hung MN Chen SY Wang JL Chang SC Hsueh PR Liao CH. Community-acquired anaerobic bacteremia in adults: one-year experience in a medical center. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. (2005) 38: 436– 43. 16341345
  180. [183]Bouza E Pintado V Rivera S Blázquez R Muñoz P Cercenado E. Nosocomial bloodstream infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Microbiol Infect. (2005) 11: 919– 24. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01260.x 16216109 · DOI
  181. [184]Lin JC Yeh KM Peng MY Chang FY. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in Taiwan: risk factors for acquisition, clinical features and outcome. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. (2004) 37: 24– 8. 15060683
  182. [185]Bouza E Sousa D Munoz P Rodríguez-Créixems M Fron C Lechuz JG. Bloodstream infections: a trial of the impact of different methods of reporting positive blood culture results. Clin Infect Dis. (2004) 39: 1161– 9. 10.1086/424520 15486840 · DOI
  183. [186]Anatoliotaki M Valatas V Mantadakis E Apostolakou H Mavroudis D Georgoulias V. Bloodstream infections in patients with solid tumors: associated factors, microbial spectrum and outcome. Infection. (2004) 32: 65– 71. 10.1007/s15010-004-3049-5 15057569 · DOI
  184. [187]Zaragoza R Artero A Camarena J Sancho S Gonzalez R Nogueira J. The influence of inadequate empirical antimicrobial treatment on patients with bloodstream infections in an intensive care unit. Clin Microbiol Infect. (2003) 9: 412– 8. 10.1046/j.1469-0691.2003.00656.x 12848754 · DOI
  185. [188]Valles J Rello J Ochagavía A Garnacho J Alcalá MA. Community-acquired bloodstream infection in critically ill adult patients: impact of shock and inappropriate antibiotic therapy on survival. Chest. (2003) 123: 1615– 24. 10.1378/chest.123.5.1615 12740282 · DOI
  186. [189]MacKenzie A Robertson L Jappy B Laing R Gould IM. Audit of an antibiotic policy and microbiological investigations for treating bacteraemia in a large teaching hospital. Int J Antimicrob Agents. (2003) 22: 618– 21. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2003.05.002 14659661 · DOI
  187. [190]Lodise TP McKinnon PS Swiderski L Rybak MJ. Outcomes analysis of delayed antibiotic treatment for hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. (2003) 36: 1418– 23. 10.1086/375057 12766837 · DOI · Paper page
  188. [191]Kang CI Kim SH Kim HB Park SW Choe YJ Oh MD. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: risk factors for mortality and influence of delayed receipt of effective antimicrobial therapy on clinical outcome. Clin Infect Dis. (2003) 37: 745– 51. 10.1086/377200 12955633 · DOI
  189. [192]Chamot E Boffi El Amari E Rohner P Van Delden C. Effectiveness of combination antimicrobial therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. (2003) 47: 2756– 64. 10.1128/AAC.47.9.2756-2764.2003 12936970 PMC182644 · DOI
  190. [193]Hanon FoX Sørensen TL Mølbak K Schønheyder H Monnet DL Pedersen G. Survival of patients with bacteraemia in relation to initial empirical antimicrobial treatment. Scand J Infect Dis. (2002) 34: 520– 8. 10.1080/00365540110080827 12195878 · DOI
  191. [194]Soriano A Martinez J Mensa J Marco F Almela M Moreno-Martinez A. Pathogenic significance of methicillin resistance for patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. (2000) 30: 368– 73. 10.1086/313650 10671343 · DOI
  192. [195]Ibrahim EH Sherman G Ward S Fraser VJ Kollef MH. The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting. Chest. (2000) 118: 146– 55. 10.1378/chest.118.1.146 10893372 · DOI · Paper page
  193. [196]Byl B Clevenbergh P Jacobs F Struelens MJ Zech F Kentos A. Impact of infectious diseases specialists and microbiological data on the appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy for bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. (1999) 29: 60– 6. 10.1086/520182 10433566 · DOI
  194. [197]Salonen J Eerola E Meurman O. Clinical significance and outcome of anaerobic bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. (1998) 26: 1413– 7. 10.1086/516355 9636872 · DOI
  195. [198]Leibovici L Shraga I Drucker M Konigsberger H Samra Z Pitlik S. The benefit of appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment in patients with bloodstream infection. J Intern Med. (1998) 244: 379– 86. 10.1046/j.1365-2796.1998.00379.x 9845853 · DOI
  196. [199]Carratalà J Rosón B Fernández-Sevilla A Alcaide F Gudiol F. Bacteremic pneumonia in neutropenic patients with cancer: causes, empirical antibiotic therapy, and outcome. Arch Intern Med. (1998) 158: 868– 72. 10.1001/archinte.158.8.868 9570172 · DOI
  197. [200]Elhanan G Sarhat M Raz R. Empiric antibiotic treatment and the misuse of culture results and antibiotic sensitivities in patients with community-acquired bacteraemia due to urinary tract infection. J Infect. (1997) 35: 283– 8. 10.1016/S0163-4453(97)93194-7 9459403 · DOI
  198. [201]Phillips I King A Gransden WR Eykyn SJ. The antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated from the blood of patients in St Thomas' Hospital, 1969–1988. J Antimicrob Chemother. (1990) 25(suppl_C): 59– 80. 10.1093/jac/25.suppl_C.59 2112124 · DOI
  199. [202]Feldman C Smith C Levy H Ginsburg P Miller S Koornhof H. Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteraemia at an urban general hospital. J Infect. (1990) 20: 21– 31. 10.1016/S0163-4453(90)92258-M 2405058 · DOI
  200. [203]Meyers BR Sherman E Mendelson MH Velasques G Srulevitch-Chin E Hubbard M. Bloodstream infections in the elderly. Am J Med. (1989) 86: 379– 84. 10.1016/0002-9343(89)90333-1 2929625 · DOI

200 of 205 shown

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Hung, Y.-P., Lee, C.-C., & Ko, W.-C.
Affiliations
National Cheng Kung University Hospital (TW)
Corresponding author
  • Lee, Ching-Chi
  • Ko, Wen-Chien
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Medicine
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2022-05-30
Volume
9
Pages
869822-869822
ISSN
2296-858X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fmed.2022.869822
PMC
PMC9197423
OpenAlex
W4281801386
Cited by
29
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10
FWCI
0.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
  • Ministry of Health and Welfare
  • National Cheng Kung University Hospital
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Antibiotics Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy
Keywords
bacteremia, bloodstream infection, mortality, sepsis, septic shock, pneumonia, liver cirrhosis, urinary tract infection, prognostic factors, antibiotic stewardship, adults, subgroup analysis, risk of bias

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review