Complete genome analysis of Bacillus velezensis TS5 and its potential as a probiotic strain in mice
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: In recent years, a large number of studies have shown that Bacillus velezensis has the potential as an animal feed additive, and its potential probiotic properties have been gradually explored. Methods: In this study, Illumina NovaSeq PE150 and Oxford Nanopore ONT sequencing platforms were used to sequence the genome of Bacillus velezensis TS5, a fiber-degrading strain isolated from Tibetan sheep. To further investigate the potential of B. velezensis TS5 as a probiotic strain, in vivo experiments were conducted using 40 five-week-old male specific pathogen-free C57BL/6J mice. The mice were randomly divided into four groups: high fiber diet control group (H group), high fiber diet probiotics group (HT group), low fiber diet control group (L group), and low fiber diet probiotics group (LT group). The H and HT groups were fed high-fiber diet (30%), while the L and LT groups were fed low-fiber diet (5%). The total bacteria amount in the vegetative forms of B. velezensis TS5 per mouse in the HT and LT groups was 1 × 10 9 CFU per day, mice in the H and L groups were given the same volume of sterile physiological saline daily by gavage, and the experiment period lasted for 8 weeks. Results: The complete genome sequencing results of B. velezensis TS5 showed that it contained 3,929,788 nucleotides with a GC content of 46.50%. The strain encoded 3,873 genes that partially related to stress resistance, adhesion, and antioxidants, as well as the production of secondary metabolites, digestive enzymes, and other beneficial nutrients. The genes of this bacterium were mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, vitamin and cofactor metabolism, biological process, and molecular function, as revealed by KEGG and GO databases. The results of mouse tests showed that B. velezensis TS5 could improve intestinal digestive enzyme activity, liver antioxidant capacity, small intestine morphology, and cecum microbiota structure in mice. Conclusion: These findings confirmed the probiotic effects of B. velezensis TS5 isolated from Tibetan sheep feces and provided the theoretical basis for the clinical application and development of new feed additives.
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The VFDB database includes virulence factors found in B. subtilis and B. velezensis, such as capBCA and hemolysin A (hlyA).
“The VFDB database used includes several virulence factors that can be found in both B. subtilis and B. velezensis species, such as capBCA (encoding membrane-associated enzymes facilitating systemic invasion) and hemolysin A (hlyA, a pore-forming toxin that possesses hemolytic, cytotoxic, dermonecrotic, and vascular permeability activities) [100, 101].”
From Profiling the resistome and virulome of Bacillus strains used for probiotic-based sanitation: a multicenter WGS analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [101]
Methods §2.2 says the authors used VFDB to screen the B. velezensis TS5 genome, and Discussion §4.1 identifies hlyA as a potential virulence factor. The paper does not establish that capBCA or hlyA occur in both B. subtilis and B. velezensis, or describe the functions assigned to them in the citing sentence; it specifically reports that hlyA was absent from strain TS5. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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“…that can be found in both B. subtilis and B. velezensis species, such as capBCA (encoding membrane-associated enzymes facilitating systemic invasion) and hemolysin A ( hlyA , a pore-forming toxin that possesses hemolytic, cytotoxic, dermonecrotic, and vascular permeability activities) [100, 101].”
- Authors
- Chen, B., Zhou, Y., Duan, L., Gong, X., Liu, X., Pan, K., Zeng, D., Ni, X., & Zeng, Y.
- Affiliations
- Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zeng, Dong
- Ni, Xueqin
- Zeng, Yan
- Venue
- Frontiers in Microbiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-12-06
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- 1322910-1322910
- ISSN
- 1664-302X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10731255
- OpenAlex
- W4389393046
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 7
- FWCI
- 4.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Aquaculture disease management and microbiota
- Keywords
- whole genome sequencing, probiotic potential, fiber-degrading bacteria, Tibetan sheep, high-fiber diet, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity, intestinal morphology, cecal microbiota, feed additives, stress resistance genes, secondary metabolites
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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