Toxicological Effects of Berberine and Sanguinarine
Open accessAbstract
Berberine and Sanguinarine alkaloids belong to a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral or weakly acidic properties. Alkaloids are produced by a large number of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. Berberine and Sanguinarine both are isoquinoline derivatives and belong to protoberberine and benzophenanthridines, respectively. Tyrosine or phenylalanine is common precursor for the biosynthesis of both. Sanguinarine [13-methyl (1,3) benzodioxolo(5,6-c)-1,3-dioxolo (4,5) phenanthridinium] is a toxin that kills animal cells through its action on the Na+-K+-ATPase transmembrane protein. Berberine, on the other hand, has been reported to cause cytotoxicity and adversely influence the synthesis of DNA. Several workers have reported varied pharmacological properties of these alkaloids as they exhibit antibacterial, antiasthma, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities. This review article illustrates the toxicological effects of berberine and sanguinarine as well as mechanistic part of berberine and sanguinarine mediated toxicity in different living systems. This manuscript has included the lethal doses (LD50) of berberine and sanguinarine in different animals via different routs of exposure. Also, the effects of these alkaloids on the activities of some key enzymes, cell lines and organ development etc. have been summarized.
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The heterogeneity of commercial products limits the generalizability of any effect-size estimate.
“Finally, the heterogeneity of commercial products limits the generalizability of any effect-size estimate [32,33].”
From Berberine-Drug Interactions: Mechanisms, Clinical Relevance and Risk Stratification-A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
The 'Toxicological effects of berberine' section (page unavailable) says LD50 varies with the amount of berberine in a compound, route of administration, and organism, and compares values for extracts and pure berberine. It does not discuss heterogeneity among commercial products or conclude that such heterogeneity limits the generalizability of any effect-size estimate. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe toxicity of berberine and related alkaloids depends on dose and formulation.
“The toxicity of berberine and related alkaloids also depends on dose and formulation [33,111]”
From Berberine-Drug Interactions: Mechanisms, Clinical Relevance and Risk Stratification-A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
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- Authors
- Singh, N., & Sharma, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Allahabad (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Sharma, Bechan
- Venue
- Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-03-19
- Volume
- 5
- Pages
- 21-21
- ISSN
- 2296-889X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5867333
- OpenAlex
- W2790121275
- Cited by
- 227
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University Grants Commission
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Berberine and alkaloids research
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Plant-based Medicinal Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant Toxicity and Pharmacological Properties
- Keywords
- berberine, sanguinarine, isoquinoline alkaloids, protoberberine alkaloids, benzophenanthridine alkaloids, alkaloid toxicity, Na+/K+-ATPase inhibition, cytotoxicity, DNA synthesis inhibition, lethal dose, pharmacological activity, organogenesis
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