The microcircuit concept applied to cortical evolution: from three-layer to six-layer cortex
Open accessAbstract
Understanding the principles of organization of the cerebral cortex requires insight into its evolutionary history. This has traditionally been the province of anatomists, but evidence regarding the microcircuit organization of different cortical areas is providing new approaches to this problem. Here we use the microcircuit concept to focus first on the principles of microcircuit organization of three-layer cortex in the olfactory cortex, hippocampus, and turtle general cortex, and compare it with six-layer neocortex. From this perspective it is possible to identify basic circuit elements for recurrent excitation and lateral inhibition that are common across all the cortical regions. Special properties of the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells are reviewed that reflect the specific adaptations that characterize the functional operations in the different regions. These principles of microcircuit function provide a new approach to understanding the expanded functional capabilities elaborated by the evolution of the neocortex.
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The nonlinear and dynamical properties of cortical pyramidal neurons, especially their multiple dendritic zones targeted by different kinds of projections, may allow the pyramidal neuron to make comparisons of top-down and bottom-up inputs.
“For example, the nonlinear and dynamical properties of cortical pyramidal neurons—the principal excitatory neuron type in cortex (Shepherd, 2014)—are of particular interest here, especially because these neurons have multiple dendritic zones that are targeted by different kinds of projections, which may allow the pyramidal neuron to make comparisons of top-down and bottom-up inputs23.”
From Toward an integration of deep learning and neuroscience (2016) · cites this paper as Shepherd, 2014
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- Authors
- Shepherd, G. M.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shepherd, Gordon M.
- ORCID
- Shepherd, Gordon M.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 5
- Pages
- 30-30
- ISSN
- 1662-5129 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3102215
- OpenAlex
- W2015770802
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neuroanatomy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- cortical evolution, neocortex, olfactory cortex, hippocampus, recurrent excitation, lateral inhibition, apical dendrites, pyramidal neurons, circuit elements
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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