Evolution of the neocortex: a perspective from developmental biology
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The enlargement and species-specific elaboration of the cerebral neocortex during evolution holds the secret to the mental abilities of humans; however, the genetic origin and cellular mechanisms that generated the distinct evolutionary advancements are not well understood. This article describes how novelties that make us human may have been introduced during evolution, based on findings in the embryonic cerebral cortex in different mammalian species. The data on the differences in gene expression, new molecular pathways and novel cellular interactions that have led to these evolutionary advances may also provide insight into the pathogenesis and therapies for human-specific neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Archicortex and paleocortex are considered evolutionarily older structures, whereas iso/neocortex emerged later and substantially expanded in vertebrate evolution.
“Archicortex and paleocortex are considered evolutionarily older structures, whereas iso/neocortex emerged later and substantially expanded in vertebrate evolution”
From A taxonomy of transcriptomic cell types across the isocortex and hippocampal formation (2021) · cites this paper as Rakic, 2009
The cortex is partitioned into multiple areas with specific input and output connections with many subcortical and other cortical regions.
“The cortex is partitioned into multiple areas with specific input and output connections with many subcortical and other cortical regions”
From A taxonomy of transcriptomic cell types across the isocortex and hippocampal formation (2021) · cites this paper as Rakic, 2009
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- Authors
- Rakic, P.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rakic, Pasko
- ORCID
- Rakic, Pasko
- Venue
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience
- Published
- 2009-10
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 724-735
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- PMC
- PMC2913577
- OpenAlex
- W2152294954
- Cited by
- 1,565
- References
- 147
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 123 · 2021: 114 · 2020: 142 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 106 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 85 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 72
- FWCI
- 5.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS014841, R01NS038296)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- neocortex evolution, neuronal migration, neuron number, genetic mutations, mammalian brain evolution, embryonic cerebral cortex, gene expression, neuropsychiatric disorders, cognitive ability
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Biological Evolution, Humans, Models, Biological, Neurons, Species Specificity, Developmental Biology, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Neocortex
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