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Cited by 108Spinal Cord Injury ResearchTraumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesSpinal Hematomas and Complications

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Biomarkers in Spinal Cord Injury: Prognostic Insights and Future Potentials

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Albayar, Ahmed A., Roche, Abigail, Swiatkowski, Przemyslaw, Antar, Sarah, Ouda, Nouran, Emara, Eman, Smith, Douglas H., Ozturk, Ali K., Awad, Basem I.·2019·Frontiers in Neurology
DOI 10.3389/fneur.2019.00027PMC PMC6361789
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Abstract

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a major challenge in Neurotrauma research. Complex pathophysiological processes take place immediately after the injury and later on as the chronic injury develops. Moreover, SCI is usually accompanied by traumatic injuries because the most common modality of injury is road traffic accidents and falls. Patients develop significant permanent neurological deficits that depend on the extent and the location of the injury itself and in time they develop further neurological and body changes that may risk their mere survival. In our review, we explored the recent updates with regards to SCI biomarkers. We observed two methods that may lead to the appearance of biomarkers for SCI. First, during the first few weeks following the injury the Blood Spinal Cord Barrier (BSCB) disruption that releases several neurologic structure components from the injured tissue. These components find their way to Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and the systemic circulation. Also, as the injury develops several components of the pathological process are expressed or released such as in neuroinflammation, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species, and excitotoxicity sequences. Therefore, there is a growing interest in examining any correlations between these components and the degrees or the outcomes of the injury. Additionally, some of the candidate biomarkers are theorized to track the progressive changes of SCI which offers an insight on the patients' prognoses, potential-treatments-outcomes assessment, and monitoring the progression of the complications of chronic SCI such as Pressure Ulcers and urinary dysfunction. An extensive literature review was performed covering literature, published in English, until February 2018 using the Medline/PubMed database. Experimental and human studies were included and titles, PMID, publication year, authors, biomarkers studies, the method of validation, relationship to SCI pathophysiology, and concluded correlation were reported. Potential SCI biomarkers need further validation using clinical studies. The selection of the appropriate biomarker group should be made based on the stage of the injuries, the accompanying trauma and with regards to any surgical, or medical interference that might have been done. Additionally, we suggest testing multiple biomarkers related to the several pathological changes coinciding to offer a more precise prediction of the outcome.

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Albayar, A. A., Roche, A., Swiatkowski, P., Antar, S., Ouda, N., Emara, E., Smith, D. H., Ozturk, A. K., & Awad, B. I.
Affiliations
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
  • Mansoura University (EG)
Corresponding author
Albayar, Ahmed A.
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Neurology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2019-01-29
Volume
10
Pages
27-27
ISSN
1664-2295 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fneur.2019.00027
PMC
PMC6361789
OpenAlex
W2913249489
Cited by
108
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 4
FWCI
1.94
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Neurology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Greater South Information System
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Spinal Cord Injury Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Spinal Hematomas and Complications
Keywords
spinal cord injury, biomarkers, prognostic factors, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species, excitotoxicity, chronic spinal cord injury, pressure ulcers, urinary dysfunction, neurological outcome prediction

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