The DOI matches its Crossref record; 243 of the 255 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs.
Open accessAbstract
Entropy is a dimensionless quantity that is used for measuring uncertainty about the state of a system but it can also imply physical qualities, where high entropy is synonymous with high disorder. Entropy is applied here in the context of states of consciousness and their associated neurodynamics, with a particular focus on the psychedelic state. The psychedelic state is considered an exemplar of a primitive or primary state of consciousness that preceded the development of modern, adult, human, normal waking consciousness. Based on neuroimaging data with psilocybin, a classic psychedelic drug, it is argued that the defining feature of "primary states" is elevated entropy in certain aspects of brain function, such as the repertoire of functional connectivity motifs that form and fragment across time. Indeed, since there is a greater repertoire of connectivity motifs in the psychedelic state than in normal waking consciousness, this implies that primary states may exhibit "criticality," i.e., the property of being poised at a "critical" point in a transition zone between order and disorder where certain phenomena such as power-law scaling appear. Moreover, if primary states are critical, then this suggests that entropy is suppressed in normal waking consciousness, meaning that the brain operates just below criticality. It is argued that this entropy suppression furnishes normal waking consciousness with a constrained quality and associated metacognitive functions, including reality-testing and self-awareness. It is also proposed that entry into primary states depends on a collapse of the normally highly organized activity within the default-mode network (DMN) and a decoupling between the DMN and the medial temporal lobes (which are normally significantly coupled). These hypotheses can be tested by examining brain activity and associated cognition in other candidate primary states such as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and early psychosis and comparing these with non-primary states such as normal waking consciousness and the anaesthetized state.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Other approaches study only conscious (and not unconscious) states and their changes, such as how consciousness changes under the in fl uence of LSD, other psychotropic substances or meditation (Carhart-Harris et al., 2014; Lutz et al., 2007), or track changes in body ownership and map them to brain states (Faivre et al., 2015).”
From Hard criteria for empirical theories of consciousness (2021) · cites this paper as Carhart-Harris et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Indeed, psychedelic consciousness, in which the mechanisms of self-binding are compromised, is usually described as a state of increased or intensified consciousness, leading Carhart-Harris et al. (2014) to suggest that self-referential processes constrain consciousness rather than enabling it.”
From Self unbound: ego dissolution in psychedelic experience (2017) · cites this paper as Carhart-Harris et al. (2014)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It has been demonstrated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that during psychedelic experience, the DMN is modulated, which sharply reduces blood flow and connection within its nodes [46], leading to decreased functional connectivity within the DMN and increased between-network connectivity [47, 48].”
From Mindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities (2023) · cites this paper as [46]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“This Default Mode Network is usually active in meta-cognition, day-dreaming, reflecting on memories, but is apparently disabled by psychedelics (Carhart-Harris et al., 2014).”
From The therapeutic potentials of Ayahuasca: possible effects against various diseases of civilization (2016) · cites this paper as Carhart-Harris et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“Psychedelics alter this relaxed brain function by reducing cerebral blood flow and the oscillatory power in brain areas of the Default Mode Network that are typically synchronized and functionally connected.”
From The therapeutic potentials of Ayahuasca: possible effects against various diseases of civilization (2016) · cites this paper as Carhart-Harris et al., 2014
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud
Freud, S. (1953) · Cited by 17,730
A default mode of brain function
Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.676 · Cited by 12,190
The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks
Fox, M. D., Snyder, A. Z., Vincent, J. L., Corbetta, M., Van Essen, D. C., & Raichle, M. E. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0504136102 · Cited by 8,553
The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory?
Friston, K. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2787 · Cited by 8,120 · cited 19×
“A key hypothesis of this article is that it is through the development of self-organized activity in the DMN [and concomitant entropy/uncertainty/disorder minimization (Friston, 2010)] that a coherent sense of self or “ego” emerges (Carhart-Harris and Friston, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-organized criticality: An explanation of the 1/ f noise
Bak, P., Tang, C., & Wiesenfeld, K. A. (1987) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.59.381 · Cited by 7,644
2. The Interpretation of Dreams
Freud, S., Crick, J., & Robertson, R. (1913) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10561-000 · Cited by 6,979
Neuronal Oscillations in Cortical Networks
Buzsáki, G., & Draguhn, A. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1099745 · Cited by 6,576
Functional connectivity in the resting brain: a network analysis of the default mode hypothesis
Greicius, M. D., Krasnow, B., Reiss, A. L., & Menon, V. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0135058100 · Cited by 6,358
(2023) · doi:10.1126/science · Cited by 6,063
The varieties of religious experience: A study in human nature.
James, W. (1902) · doi:10.1037/10004-000 · Cited by 5,204
Flagged first, then by citations
12 of the 255 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Freud S. (1949). An Outline of Psycho-Analysis. Hogarth Press, [S.l.].
- Hutson M. (2012). The 7 Laws of Magical Thinking: How Irrational Beliefs Keep Us Happy, Healthy, and Sane. New York, NY: Hudson Street Press
- Jung C. G. (1982a). Dreams. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
- Monroe R. R. Heath R. G. (1961). Effects of lysergic acid and various derivatives on depth and cortical electrograms. J. Neuropsychiatr. 3, 75– 82 14475431
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 1,000
Wizła, M., Kraus, S. W., & Lewczuk, K. (2022) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152303 · Cited by 9
Seeing oneself through the eyes of another: A look at psychedelic insight
Fischman, L. G. (2022) · Neuropsychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/15294145.2022.2052163 · Cited by 7
Thomashow, M. (2020) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/11838.001.0001 · Cited by 7
Psychedelic-assisted therapy for people with gambling disorder?
Romero, P., Czakó, A., van den Brink, W., & Demetrovics, Z. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2024.00004 · Cited by 10
Killeen, P. R., Tillery, S. H., & Cabrera, F. (2024) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2024.2433277 · Cited by 9
Navarro, J., Rosell, M. F., Castellanos, A., del Moral, R., Lahoz-Beltrá, R., & Marijuán, P. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00267 · Cited by 8
Patterns of Occurrence of Four States of Consciousness as a Function of Trait Absorption
Glicksohn, J. (2019) · Journal for Person-Oriented Research · doi:10.17505/jpor.2019.03 · Cited by 8
Whole-Brain Models to Explore Altered States of Consciousness from the Bottom Up
Cofré, R., Herzog, R. A., Mediano, P. A. M., Piccinini, J., Rosas, F. E., Perl, Y. S., & Tagliazucchi, E. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10090626 · Cited by 14
The Superior Visual Perception Hypothesis: Neuroaesthetics of Cave Art
Фолгеро, П. О., Johansson, C., & Stokkedal, L. H. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs11060081 · Cited by 7
Memory for the Future: Psychodynamic Approach to Time and Self Through the Default Network
Cieri, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.885315 · Cited by 8
Haye, W. D. L., Walcott, G. O., Eaton, J., Beckford, J., & Greene, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1136990 · Cited by 7
Psychedelics – Re-opening the doors of perception
Heal, D. J., Henningfield, J. E., Frenguelli, B. G., Nutt, D., & Smith, S. L. (2018) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.024 · Cited by 7
Information flow between resting state networks
Diez, I. P., Erramuzpe, A., Escudero, I., Mateos, B., Cabrera, A., Marinazzo, D., Sanz‐Arigita, E., Stramaglia, S., & Cortés, J. M. (2015) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1505.03560 · Cited by 7
LIMITATIONS ON THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF DRUG‐ENABLED MYSTICAL EXPERIENCES
Jones, R. H. (2019) · Zygon® · doi:10.1111/zygo.12546 · Cited by 7
Erhan, E., Külahlı, İ., Kandemir, O., Cemiloglu, R., Yigitbasi, O. G., & Cüreoğlu, S. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 7
Altered trajectories in the dynamical repertoire of functional network states under psilocybinPreprint
Lord, L.-D., Expert, P., Atasoy, S., Roseman, L., Rapuano, K. M., Lambiotte, R., Nutt, D. J., Deco, G., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Kringelbach, M. L., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/376491 · Cited by 7
Cavanna, F., Muller, S. L., de la Fuente, L. A., Zamberlán, F., Palmucci, M., Janeckova, L., Kuchař, M., Pallavicini, C., & Tagliazucchi, E. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.470657 · Cited by 7
Atasoy, S., Escrichs, A., Stark, E. A., Terry, K. G. M., Càmara, E., Sanjuán, A., Chandaria, S., Deco, G., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.11.16.567347 · Cited by 7
Corbett, G., & Moerman, S. (2024) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0403 · Cited by 9
Ramos, L., & Vicente, S. (2024) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2024.2363343 · Cited by 6
Subramani, V., Lioi, G., Jerbi, K., & Farrugia, N. (2025) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00448 · Cited by 6
Oswald, V., Jerbi, K., Sombrun, C., Annen, J., Martial, C., Gosseries, O., & Vanhaudenhuyse, A. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100552 · Cited by 6
Grasso, V., Tennyson, J., Airan, R. D., & Ianni, T. D. (2025) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-025-02108-0 · Cited by 6
What fMRI studies say about the nature of the psychedelic effect: a scoping review
Beneš, M., Páleníček, T., & Horáček, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1606798 · Cited by 7
Purple, R. J., Gupta, R., Thomas, C. W., Golden, C. T., Palomero‐Gallagher, N., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Froudist‐Walsh, S., & Jones, M. W. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03182-y · Cited by 10
Ulisse, K., Albitar, J., Aromin, J. T., & Berry, J. H. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15090980 · Cited by 8
Tkemaladze, J. (2026) · Longevity Horizon · doi:10.65649/223jgc16 · Cited by 12
Sahoo, I., Masadi, S., Maheswari, A., Utama, R., Abeer, M. I., Soltanpour, S., Nasseef, M. T., Chukwuemeka, T., Sinhal, N., Pandit, J., et al. (2026) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-026-02356-8 · Cited by 6
Zheng, Y., Tang, S., Zheng, H., Wang, X., Liu, L., Yang, Y., Zhen, Y., & Zheng, Z. (2023) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010866 · Cited by 6
Sensory-Processing Sensitivity Is Associated with Increased Neural Entropy
Walter, N., Meinersen-Schmidt, N., Kulla, P., Loew, T. H., Kruse, J., & Hinterberger, T. (2023) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e25060890 · Cited by 7
Mystical ineffability: a nonconceptual theory
Gäb, S. (2024) · International Journal for Philosophy of Religion · doi:10.1007/s11153-024-09905-5 · Cited by 10
Conceptualizing your new reality: Should philosophers play a role in psychedelic-assisted therapy?
Quasti, C., & Sisti, D. A. (2024) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2024.00355 · Cited by 7
Immersive exposure to simulated visual hallucinations modulates high-level human cognition
Greco, A., Rastelli, C., Ubaldi, A., & Riva, G. (2025) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2025.103808 · Cited by 8
The Entropy of Laughter: Discriminative Power of Laughter’s Entropy in the Diagnosis of Depression
Navarro, J., del Moral, R., Cuesta-Álvaro, P., Lahoz-Beltrá, R., & Marijuán, P. C. (2016) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e18010036 · Cited by 6
Synthetic cognitive development
Weinbaum, D. R., & Veitas, V. (2016) · The European Physical Journal Special Topics · doi:10.1140/epjst/e2016-60088-2 · Cited by 6
Psychopathology, Atmospheres, and Clinical Transformations: Towards a Field-Based Clinical Practice
Francesetti, G. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24942-7_13 · Cited by 6
Microcanonical and Canonical Ensembles for fMRI Brain Networks in Alzheimer’s Disease
Wang, J., Wu, X., Li, M., Wu, H., & Hancock, E. R. (2021) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e23020216 · Cited by 6
The Overview Effect and Well-Being
Nezami, A., Persaud, L. M., & White, F. L. (2021) · Astrophysics and space science proceedings · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70482-7_10 · Cited by 7
Steinhart, E. C. (2017) · Sophia · doi:10.1007/s11841-017-0573-1 · Cited by 7
Psychedelic assisted therapy for major depressive disorder: Recent work and clinical directions
McCartney, A., McGovern, H. T., & Foe, A. D. (2022) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2022.00211 · Cited by 13
A simple model of the attentional blink and its modulation by mental training
Amir, N., Tishby, N., & Nelken, I. (2022) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010398 · Cited by 6
Drew, L. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-022-02874-7 · Cited by 6
Neural Network Modulation of Ayahuasca: A Systematic Review of Human Studies
Santos, G. H. D. M., Rodrigues, L. S., Rocha, J. M., Rossi, G. N., Oña, G., Bouso, J. C., Hallak, J. E. C., & SANTOS, R. G. D. (2023) · Psychoactives · doi:10.3390/psychoactives2010006 · Cited by 7
Three levels of information processing in the brain
Zhuravlev, A. V. (2023) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.104934 · Cited by 6
Changes in functional connectivity preserve scale-free neuronal and behavioral dynamics
Rabus, A., Curic, D., Ivan, V. E., Esteves, I. M., Gruber, A. J., & Davidsen, J. (2023) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.108.l052301 · Cited by 7
Hayashi, K. (2024) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.08.016 · Cited by 6
Can Neuroscience Improve Addiction Treatment and Policies?
Nutt, D., & McLellan, A. T. (2013) · Public health reviews · doi:10.1007/bf03391704 · Cited by 6
Carney, J. (2019) · Medical Humanities · doi:10.1136/medhum-2018-011459 · Cited by 6
Advancing elite athlete mental health treatment with psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy
Walton, C. C., & Liknaitzky, P. (2020) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2020.1848941 · Cited by 6
Fuzzy entropy as a measure of EEG complexity during Rajayoga practice in long-term meditators
Pradeep Kumar, G., Ramakrishnan, A. G., & Sharma, K. (2020) · IEEE India Conference · doi:10.1109/indicon49873.2020.9342217 · Cited by 6
Argento, E., Capler, R., THOMAS, G. W., Lucas, P., & Tupper, K. W. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55688-4_10 · Cited by 6
Velázquez, J. L. P., Mateos, D. M., & Erra, R. G. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15005 · Cited by 6
Axmacher, N., Kessler, H., & Waldhauser, G. T. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00674 · Cited by 6
Castro, P., Luppi, A. I., Tagliazucchi, E., Perl, Y. S., Naçi, L., Owen, A. M., Sitt, J. D., Alain Destexhe, A., & Cofré, R. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.12.19.572402 · Cited by 6
Exploring the Role of Psychedelics in Modulating Ego and Treating Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Wang, H., & Wang, X. (2025) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00247 · Cited by 6
Dames, S., Kryskow, P., Tsang, V. W. L., & Argento, E. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1568017 · Cited by 5
d’Andrea, G., Chiappini, S., Ciavoni, L., Tucci, R., Martino, F., Semeraro, F. M., Battista, D. D., Mosca, A., Miuli, A., Carlo, F. D., et al. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03654-3 · Cited by 7
Effects of Psychedelic Microdosing on Cognitive Functions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Pinhas, N., Eidlman, N., Barnea, A., & Peled-Avron, L. (2025) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106493 · Cited by 5
Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2026) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awag206 · Cited by 7
Vollebregt, R., Storm, A. E. M., Lucassen, P. J., & Somers, M. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106529 · Cited by 8
Electrophysiological mechanisms of psychedelic drugs: A systematic review
Jiménez, J. H., Kaup, K., & Aru, J. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106649 · Cited by 7
Ji, S., Zhang, Y., Chen, N., Liu, X., Li, Y., Shao, X., Yang, Z., Yao, Z., & Hu, B. (2022) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-021-00507-7 · Cited by 5
Alves, C. L., Ciba, M., Toutain, T. G. L. D. O., Porto, J. A. M., de Sena, E. P., Thielemann, C., & Rodrigues, F. A. (2024) · Journal of Physics Complexity · doi:10.1088/2632-072x/ad1c68 · Cited by 4
Multimodal Neuroimaging of the Effect of Serotonergic Psychedelics on the Brain
Frautschi, P. C., Singh, A. P., Stowe, N. A., & Yu, J. J. (2024) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a8118 · Cited by 5
Complexity organization of resting‐state functional‐ MRI networks
Treviño, G., Lee, J. J., Shimony, J. S., Luckett, P. H., & Leuthardt, E. C. (2024) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26809 · Cited by 5
McMillan, R. M., Reynolds, J., & Fernandez, A. V. (2024) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2024.2433522 · Cited by 5
Pasquini, L., Simon, A. J., Gallen, C. L., Kettner, H., Roseman, L., Gazzaley, A. H., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Timmermann, C. (2025) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00541 · Cited by 5
Ayahuasca-inspired DMT/HAR formulation reduces brain differentiation between self and other faces
Suay, D., Aicher, H., Kometer, M., Mueller, M. J., Caflisch, L., Hempe, A., Steinhart, C. P., Elsner, C., Wicki, I. A., Müller, J., et al. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121247 · Cited by 5
van Lutterveld, R., Cahaly, T., van Herk, L., Ingram, D. M., & Sacchet, M. D. (2026) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.07.011 · Cited by 5
Gendra, J. C., Lopez-Sola, E., Castaldo, F., Lleal-Custey, È., Sanchez-Todo, R., Vohryzek, J., Salvador, R., Andrzejak, R. G., Ruffini, G., & Initiative, T. A. D. N. (2025) · Network Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/netn.a.540 · Cited by 5
Deep Donkey and Dadirri: asking Creatura out to play
Duncan, R. (2021) · Murmurations Journal of Transformative Systemic Practice · doi:10.28963/4.1.4 · Cited by 5
Using Psychedelics in Clinical Practice: Comparing Therapeutic Uses and Potential Harms
Tariq, R. (2022) · Current Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.2174/2772432817666220321142707 · Cited by 5
Wang, B., Chen, Y., Chen, K., Lu, H., & Zhang, Z. (2023) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26302 · Cited by 5
Orlowski, P., Hobot, J., Ruban, A., Szczypiński, J., & Bola, M. (2024) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14583 · Cited by 5
Lewis, E. C., Jaeger, A. H., Girn, M., Omene, E., Brendle, M., & Argento, E. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241248395 · Cited by 5
Pasculli, G., Busan, P., Jackson, E. S., Alm, P. A., Gregorio, D. D., Maguire, G. A., Goodwin, G. M., Gobbi, G., Erritzøe, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1402549 · Cited by 6
Neurobiological Correlates of Psychedelic Experiences and Psychedelic-Associated Adverse Effects
Rieser, N. M., Schmidt, T. T., & Preller, K. H. (2024) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2024_507 · Cited by 6
History of psychedelic drug science and molecular pharmacology
Nichols, D. E., & Nichols, C. D. (2025) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2025.02.001 · Cited by 5
Therapeutic benefit versus epistemic risk: Need for empirical research in psychedelic epistemology
Borkel, L. F., Rojas‐Hernández, J., Hernández, D. J. Q., & Henríquez‐Hernández, L. A. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.05.039 · Cited by 6
Can Biological Quantum Networks Solve NP‐Hard Problems?
Wendin, G. P. (2019) · Advanced Quantum Technologies · doi:10.1002/qute.201800081 · Cited by 5
Sevel, L. S., Stennett, B., Schneider, V. J., Bush, N. J., Nixon, S. J., Robinson, M., & Boissoneault, J. (2020) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14381 · Cited by 4
Complexity of Brain Dynamics as a Correlate of Consciousness in Anaesthetized Monkeys
Fuentes, N., Garcia, A. M., Erra, R. G., Giambastiani, R. O., & Mateos, D. M. (2022) · Neuroinformatics · doi:10.1007/s12021-022-09586-3 · Cited by 4
Balch, J., Grafman, J. H., & McNamara, P. (2023) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2022.2143398 · Cited by 5
Should addiction researchers be interested in psychedelic science?
Bright, S. J., Williams, M. L., & Caldicott, D. G. E. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12544 · Cited by 5
Ciaunica, A., & Safron, A. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/mah78 · Cited by 5
Altered structural connectivity and functional brain dynamics in individuals with heavy alcohol usePreprint
Singleton, S. P., Velidi, P., Schilling, L., Luppi, A. I., Jamison, K. W., Parkes, L., & Kuceyeski, A. F. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.11.27.568762 · Cited by 5
Brouwer, A., Brown, J. K., Erowid, E., Erowid, F., Thyssen, S., Raison, C. L., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3941205/v1 · Cited by 5
DMT-induced shifts in criticality correlate with ego-dissolutionPreprint
Irrmischer, M., Aqil, M., Luan, L. X., Wang, T., Engelbregt, H., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Linkenkaer‐Hansen, K., & Timmermann, C. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.02.08.636868 · Cited by 5
Divergent Perception: Framing Creative Cognition Through the Lens of Sensory Flexibility
Bellemare‐Pepin, A., & Jerbi, K. (2024) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.1525 · Cited by 7
Effects of psychedelics on human oscillatory brain activity
Godfrey, K. E. M., Luan, L., & Timmermann, C. (2025) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2025.04.012 · Cited by 4
Falcon, J. (2025) · Critique of Anthropology · doi:10.1177/0308275x251357813 · Cited by 4
Prochazkova, L., Marschall, J., Lippelt, D. P., Schon, N. R., Kuchař, M., & Hommel, B. (2025) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110722 · Cited by 4
Prochazkova, L., Marschall, J., van Elk, M., Rifkin, B. D., Schon, N. R., Fiacchino, D., Fejer, G., Kuchař, M., & Hommel, B. (2025) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110732 · Cited by 9
A causal pluralist theory of the interaction of substance, set and setting in psychedelic experience
Kiverstein, J. D., Beyköylü, H., & van Elk, M. (2025) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2025.2590741 · Cited by 4
Temporal stability and neural complexity in resting-state MEG predict migraine phenotypes
Hsiao, F., Chen, W., Chen, S., Wang, Y.-F., Lai, K., Coppola, G., & Wang, S. (2025) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-025-02169-y · Cited by 4
Ostrand, A. E., Nour, M. M., Timmermann, C., Rosati, A., Luan, L., Gómez-Emilsson, A., Bornemann, J., Greenway, K. T., Roseman, L., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2026) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811261464986 · Cited by 4
Olash, C., Buchanan, D. M., Brown, R. E., Faerman, A., Cherian, K. N., Lin, G., Spiegel, D., Gross, J. J., & Williams, N. (2026) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-026-00185-7 · Cited by 4
Adversarial AI reveals mechanisms and treatments for disorders of consciousness
Toker, D., Zheng, Z. S., Thum, J. A., Guang, J., Annen, J., Miyamoto, H., Yamakawa, K., Vespa, P. M., Laureys, S., Caroline Schnakers, A., et al. (2026) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-026-02220-4 · Cited by 4
Group Structure as a Foundation for Entropies
Jensen, H. J., & Tempesta, P. (2024) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e26030266 · Cited by 4
Social pain: A systematic review on interventions
Brooks, B. M., Cordero, F. J., Alchermes, S. L., & Brooks, B. M. (2025) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.159561.1 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Carhart-Harris, R. L., Leech, R., Hellyer, P. J., Shanahan, M., Feilding, A., Tagliazucchi, E., Chialvo, D. R., & Nutt, D.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Beckley Foundation (GB)
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
- Corresponding author
- Carhart-Harris, Robin L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 20-20
- ISSN
- 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3909994
- OpenAlex
- W2109543774
- Cited by
- 1,252
- References
- 255
- Citations by year
- 2026: 145 · 2025: 169 · 2024: 169 · 2023: 157 · 2022: 152 · 2021: 112 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13
- FWCI
- 49.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MR/J00460X/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Keywords
- entropy (information theory), states of consciousness, psychedelic states, psilocybin, criticality, power-law scaling, default mode network, medial temporal lobe, self-awareness, reality testing, metacognition, REM sleep, early psychosis, anesthesia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
