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Menstrual cycle influence on cognitive function and emotion processing—from a reproductive perspective
Open accessAbstract
The menstrual cycle has attracted research interest ever since the 1930s. For many researchers the menstrual cycle is an excellent model of ovarian steroid influence on emotion, behavior, and cognition. Over the past years methodological improvements in menstrual cycle studies have been noted, and this review summarizes the findings of methodologically sound menstrual cycle studies in healthy women. Whereas the predominant hypotheses of the cognitive field state that sexually dimorphic cognitive skills that favor men are improved during menstrual cycle phases with low estrogen and that cognitive skills that favor women are improved during cycle phases with increased estrogen and/or progesterone, this review has not found sufficient evidence to support any of these hypotheses. Mental rotation has gained specific interest in this aspect, but a meta-analysis yielded a standardized mean difference in error rate of 1.61 (95% CI -0.35 to 3.57), suggesting, at present, no favor of an early follicular phase improvement in mental rotation performance. Besides the sexually dimorphic cognitive skills, studies exploring menstrual cycle effects on tasks that probe prefrontal cortex function, for instance verbal or spatial working memory, have also been reviewed. While studies thus far are few, results at hand suggest improved performance at times of high estradiol levels. Menstrual cycle studies on emotional processing, on the other hand, tap into the emotional disorders of the luteal phase, and may be of relevance for women with premenstrual disorders. Although evidence at present is limited, it is suggested that emotion recognition, consolidation of emotional memories, and fear extinction is modulated by the menstrual cycle in women. With the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging, several studies report changes in brain reactivity across the menstrual cycle, most notably increased amygdala reactivity in the luteal phase. Thus, to the extent that behavioral changes have been demonstrated over the course of the menstrual cycle, the best evidence suggests that differences in sexually dimorphic tasks are small and difficult to replicate. However, emotion-related changes are more consistently found, and are better associated with progesterone than with estradiol such that high progesterone levels are associated with increased amygdala reactivity and increased emotional memory.
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“The results are in line with the conclusions of researchers who argued that cognitive performance does not change throughout the cycle [10,28–32,34].”
From Menstrual cycle effects on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [34]
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“one prior meta-analysis that examined a narrow set of cognitions using similar methods (mental rotation tasks) also did not find significant cycle differences [34].”
From Menstrual cycle effects on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [34]
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“Sample sizes are typically small [27,34], which limits generalizability of any one study.”
From Menstrual cycle effects on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [34]
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“Being one of the core structures in the fear network (Shin and Liberzon, 2010) the sensitivity in the amygdala to changes in ovarian steroid hormones across the menstrual cycle fits nicely with the increased susceptibility to anxiety and depressive symptoms in the luteal phase.”
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Items 101–200 of 293
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BackgroundImpact of sex steroids and reproductive stage on sleep-dependent memory consolidation in women
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Does Ramadan Fasting Adversely Affect Cognitive Function in Young Females?
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Emociones, toma de decisiones y consumo de alcohol en jóvenes universitarios
Michelini, Y., Acuña, I., & Godoy, J. C. (2016) · Suma Psicológica · doi:10.1016/j.sumpsi.2016.01.001 · Cited by 26
“…de sesgos en las medidas fisiológicas y cognitivas analizadas, tal es el caso de la fase del ciclo hormonal en el caso de las mujeres (Sundström Poromaa & Gingnell, 2014) En segundo lugar, cabe aclarar que los datos de FC durante la ejecución de la CBT no fueron analizados, ya que el marco…”
Sex hormones and cognition in aging
Gurvich, C., Le, J., Thomas, N., Thomas, E. H. X., & Kulkarni, J. (2021) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2020.12.020 · Cited by 25
Aghi, K., Goetz, T. G., Pfau, D. R., Sun, S. D., Roepke, T. A., & Guthman, E. M. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.07.002 · Cited by 24
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BackgroundResultInfluentialMultimodal Recognition of Emotions in Music and Facial Expressions
Proverbio, A. M., Camporeale, E., & Brusa, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00032 · Cited by 29
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“…therapy, hormone down-regulation manipulations or comparing menstrual cycle phases have provided evidence for an improving influence of estrogens on various types of memory performance, but negative and contradicting findings are common (for review, see Sundstrom Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014).”
ResultPhase of the menstrual cycle affects engagement of attention with emotional images
Pilarczyk, J., Schwertner, E., Wołoszyn, K., & Kuniecki, M. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.02.009 · Cited by 23
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Ouellette, S. J., & Hampson, E. (2018) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2018.1485881 · Cited by 22
“These hormones have been shown to modify activity in cortical and limbic networks in highly complex ways (Sundström-Poromaa & Gingnell, 2014; van Wingen, Ossewaarde, Bäckström, Hermans, & Fernández, 2011).”
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Menstrual Cycle Modulates Motor Learning and Memory Consolidation in Humans
Ikarashi, K., Sato, D., Iguchi, K., Baba, Y., & Yamashiro, K. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10100696 · Cited by 25
“To date, numerous studies have observed that sex differences and/or menstrual cycles influence various types of cognitive performance [9,10]; these studies have especially focused on declarative memory [11–13].”
BackgroundMenstrual cycle effects on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis
Jang, D., Zhang, J., & Elfenbein, H. A. (2025) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0318576 · Cited by 21
“In addition to papers identified through this search, we also added papers from prior attempts at systematic reviews [34,54].”
InfluentialBirth, love, and fear: Physiological networks from pregnancy to parenthood
Grant, A. D., & Erickson, E. N. (2022) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100138 · Cited by 30
Possible cognition changes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a narrative review
Naz, M. S. G., Rahnemaei, F. A., Tehrani, F. R., Sayehmiri, F., Ghasemi, V., Banaei, M., & Ozgoli, G. (2023) · Obstetrics & Gynecology Science · doi:10.5468/ogs.22165 · Cited by 24
“8 increased response of the amygdala to negative emotional stimuli was observed in this study [36].”
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“…and Lewis, 2005), as well as increased amygdala reactivity and emotional memory performance in the luteal phase (LU) (Andreano and Cahill, 2010; Bayer et al., 2014; Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014), associations with reactivity towards positive emotional or erotic cues have not often been described.”
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“So far, earlier work supports worsened emotion recognition, enhanced emotional memory and increased amygdala reactivity at times of luteal phase progesterone levels (van Wingen et al., 2008; Sundstrom Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014).”
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“Further clarification of the relationship between actual hormone level and menstrual cycle in female participants is thus needed to better understand the effects of gender in future research (Sattari et al., 2017; Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014).”
Lei, O.-K., Kong, Z., Loprinzi, P. D., Shi, Q., Sun, S., Zou, L., Hu, Y., & Nie, J. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16061003 · Cited by 19
“Importantly, such studies need to carefully consider the reproductive phase of the woman, as phase-specific differences in gonadal steroids has also been demonstrated to influence various cognitive processes, such as executive functions [39].”
InfluentialIndividual differences in the effect of menstrual cycle on basal ganglia inhibitory control
Hidalgo‐Lopez, E., & Pletzer, B. A. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47426-8 · Cited by 18
Wang, J., Zhuang, J.-Y., Fu, L., Lei, Q., Fan, M., & Zhang, W. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237032 · Cited by 19
“Besides, higher levels of both E2 and PROG have been linked to enhanced executive functions and the activation of prefrontal areas, which could serve the inhibition control [56, 57].”
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“In general, it is known that females experience hormonal changes throughout their menstrual cycle, reporting mood and behavioral changes in parallel with the fluctuation of hormones, e.g., progesterone, estrogen, and luteinizing hormone (13).”
BackgroundSommer, T., Richter, K., Singer, F., Derntl, B., Rune, G. M., Diekhof, E. K., & Bayer, J. (2018) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5061-y · Cited by 19
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“high estradiol levels during the peri-ovulatory phase in naturally cycling women have been related to an advantage for emotion processing (51).”
BackgroundSelf-citationXu, Q., Ji, M., Huang, S., & Guo, W. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1356791 · Cited by 17
The role of insula-cerebellum connection underlying aversive regulation with acupuncture
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“Accurate classification of menstrual cycle phases can be done through ovulation kits, which often involve urine sampling (Poromaa & Gingnell, 2014).”
BackgroundAnckaerts, C., van Gastel, J., Leysen, V., Hinz, R., Azmi, A., Simoens, P., Shah, D., Kara, F., Langbeen, A., Bols, P. E. J., et al. (2018) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.10.012 · Cited by 17
Sex and gender correlates of sexually polymorphic cognition
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“Lower mental rotation performance among naturally cycling females are observed when compared to males and oral contra-ceptive users [60, 83–85].”
BackgroundDo oral contraceptives modulate an ERP response to affective pictures?
Mončiunskaitė, R., Malden, L., Lukstaite, I., Rukšėnas, O., & Grikšienė, R. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107767 · Cited by 17
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Ramos‐Loyo, J., Angulo‐Chavira, A. Q., Llamas-Alonso, L. A., & González‐Garrido, A. A. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.08.023 · Cited by 19
“Regarding sex differences, several studies have demonstrated the effects of sex steroid hormones on cognition (Sundström Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014) and brain activity (i.e. Goldstein et al., 2010; Solís-Ortiz et al., 1994; Zhang et al., 2013).”
BackgroundAdriztina, I., Adnan, A., Adenin, I., Haryuna, S. H., & Sarumpaet, S. (2015) · International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.1055/s-0035-1566305 · Cited by 15
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Gingnell, M., Toffoletto, S., Wikström, J., Engman, J., Bannbers, E., Comasco, E., & Poromaa, I. S. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-00146-3 · Cited by 15
Self-citationSex hormone manipulation slows reaction time and increases labile mood in healthy women
Stenbæk, D. S., Fisher, P. M., Budtz–Jørgensen, E., Pinborg, A. B., Hjordt, L. V., Jensen, P. S., Knudsen, G. M., & Frøkjær, V. G. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.02.023 · Cited by 15
Sex-Specific Epigenetics: Implications for Environmental Studies of Brain and Behavior
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“It is commonly known that females experience hormonal changes throughout their menstrual cycle, reporting mood and behavioural changes in parallel with the fluctuation of hormones, such as changes in progesterone, estrogen and luteinizing hormone [34].”
BackgroundSex, age, and sex hormones affect recall of words in a directed forgetting paradigm
Kerschbaum, H., Hofbauer, I., Gföllner, A., Ebner, B., Bresgen, N., & Bäuml, K. T. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23973 · Cited by 15
“Most studies do not describe differences in verbal performance across menstrual cycle phases (for review, see Sundstr€om Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014).”
BackgroundMunk, A. J. L., Dickhäuser, L., Breitinger, E., Hermann, A., Strahler, J., Schmidt, N. M., & Hennig, J. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2020.100006 · Cited by 14
Reproducible stability of verbal and spatial functions along the menstrual cycle
Pletzer, B., Bodenbach, H., Hoehn, M., Hajdari, L., Hausinger, T., Noachtar, I., & Beltz, A. (2024) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01789-9 · Cited by 14
“[22 – 31]), there is huge variability in fi ndings across studies, such that systematic review approaches and meta-analyses argue for a null effect of menstrual cycle phase on verbal and spatial functions [7].”
Igonin, P.-H., Cognasse, F., Gonzalo, P., Philippot, P., Rogowski, I., Sabot, T., Boisseau, N., & Martin, C. (2024) · Science and Medicine in Football · doi:10.1080/24733938.2024.2328674 · Cited by 13
“It has been reported that neuro-muscular properties (Ham et al. 2020), brain function (Halbreich et al. 1995; Fernandez et al. 2003) and cognitive performance (Sundstrom Poromaa and Gingnell 2014) are modified by the menstrual cycle phases.”
Severity of Premenstrual Symptoms Predicted by Second to Fourth Digit Ratio
Kaneoke, Y., Donishi, T., Iwahara, A., & Shimokawa, T. (2017) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2017.00144 · Cited by 13
Neuropsychological Sequelae of Coronary Heart Disease in Women: A Systematic Review
Linares, N. F. N., Poitras, M., Burkauskas, J., Nagaratnam, K., Burr, Z., Labelle, P., & Plamondon, H. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.026 · Cited by 13
Krinke, E., Held, U., Steigmiller, K., Felmingham, K. L., & Kleim, B. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2022.2040818 · Cited by 14
“PTSD is twice as likely to occur in female trauma survivors compared to their male counterparts (Breslau and Anthony, 2007; Seligowski et al., 2020a; Tolin and Foa, 2006).”
BackgroundNetwork segregation in aging females and evaluation of the impact of sex steroid hormones
Hicks, T. H., Magalhães, T. N. C., Ballard, H. K., Jackson, T. B., Cox, S. J., & Bernard, J. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1059091 · Cited by 13
“Further, there is currently disagreement among the rapidly expanding number of studies on the possible neuroprotective effects of sex hormones on cognitive and brain function more generally (8-10).”
BackgroundHornung, J., Noack, H., Thomas, M., Farger, G., Nieratschker, V., Freiherr, J., & Derntl, B. (2017) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.12.003 · Cited by 14
“…(OC) use and concomitant hormonal fluctuations are taken into account: while OC-use leads to a relatively stable and low hormonal profile of natural estradiol and progesterone, naturally cycling women show stronger fluctuations of gonadal hormones (Sundström-Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialBernal, A., Mateo-Martínez, R., & Paolieri, D. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104768 · Cited by 13
Krohmer, K., Derntl, B., & Svaldi, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00851 · Cited by 12
“At the hormonal level, it is initiated by a quick rise of the luteinizing hormone (LH) (Sundström Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014).”
BackgroundShirazi, T. N., Levenberg, K., Cunningham, H., Self, H., Dawood, K., Cárdenas, R., Ortiz, T. L., Carré, J. M., Breedlove, S., & Puts, D. A. (2020) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104886 · Cited by 11
Saito, Y., Murata, N., Noma, T., Itoh, H., Kayano, M., Nakamura, K., & Urashima, T. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10050574 · Cited by 13
“Only men were examined in this protocol because, although evidence at present is limited, it is suggested that cognitive function is modulated by the menstrual cycle in women [28].”
BackgroundHornung, J., Noack, H., Kogler, L., & Derntl, B. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.036 · Cited by 12
Wang, J., & Chen, A. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104882 · Cited by 12
Pidoplichko, V. I., Aroniadou‐Anderjaska, V., Figueiredo, T. H., Wilbraham, C., & Braga, M. F. M. (2021) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147628 · Cited by 12
Pletzer, B. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00330 · Cited by 12
“This is evenmore true for studies on menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptive dependent effects on the brain, as will be pointed out in this Research Topic (Pletzer and Kerschbaum, 2014; Sundström Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014).”
Method40 Hz binaural beats entrainment enhances the mood and cognition of medical students
Shakya, R., Suffczyński, P., Shrestha, S., Dangol, S., Poudyal, P., & Mansur, D. I. (2024) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2024.2429495 · Cited by 14
“…in males (Figures 4, 5 and 7). these results may be related to the observations that the ability to process binaural beats as well as cognitive function and emotion processing are influenced by the phase of women’s menstrual cycle [24,55]. it should be mentioned that our study has some limitations.”
Sex Hormones and Cognitive Functions: Current Data
Bulgakova, S. V., & Romanchuk, N. (2020) · Bulletin of Science and Practice · doi:10.33619/2414-2948/52/09 · Cited by 15
Hornung, J., Kogler, L., Erb, M., Freiherr, J., & Derntl, B. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.027 · Cited by 12
“During this time female sex hormones are high in contrast to the low natural hormone profile that is observed during OC-use (Sundstr€om-Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014).”
BackgroundBoudesseul, J., Gildersleeve, K. A., Haselton, M. G., & Bègue, L. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.016 · Cited by 11
Henderson, A., Gardani, M., Dyker, G., & Matthews, L. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.11.033 · Cited by 12
Schmalenberger, K. M., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Jarczok, M. N., Schneider, E., Barone, J., Thayer, J. F., & Ditzen, B. (2024) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-024-03273-y · Cited by 12
“In addition, we inspected absolute P4 levels during the ovulatory and midluteal lab visits to verify ovulation since P4 levels only rise significantly in the luteal phase of ovulatory cycles [28].”
MethodAntov, M. I., & Stockhorst, U. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.08.018 · Cited by 10
Hengartner, M. P. (2017) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00003 · Cited by 9
“…systematic review of the literature indicates that most published findings are anecdotal, irreproducible and inconsistent, especially in the behavioral neurosciences (Ioannidis, 2011; Rosmalen and Oldehinkel, 2011; Ioannidis et al., 2014b; Sundström Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014; Müller et al., 2017).”
BackgroundNiu, C., & Zheng, L. (2019) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104635 · Cited by 10
Block, S. R., Klump, K. L., Beltz, A. M., Burt, S. A., & Moser, J. S. (2023) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106947 · Cited by 9
Sleep, Physical Activity, and Executive Functions in Students: A Narrative Review
Belluardo, G., Meneo, D., Cerolini, S., Baglioni, C., & Bartolo, P. D. (2025) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep7030047 · Cited by 12
“It has been widely demonstrated that the menstrual cycle has a negative impact on the duration and quality of sleep and cognitive functions [166–169].”
Zhuang, Y., Guo, L., Huang, W., Bo, G., Zhang, J., Zhu, Z., & Feng, Y. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3039 · Cited by 8
Sbisa, A. M., van den Buuse, M., & Gogos, A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53126-7_26 · Cited by 9
Oliveira, B. R. R., Santos, T. M., Guerreiro, R. D. C., Damorim, I. R., Lattari, E., & Deslandes, A. C. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1973572 · Cited by 8
“Considering the influence of the menstrual cycle on hormonal levels and emotional responses (Sundstrom Poromaa & Gingnell, 2014), the inclusion of male individuals minimizes this type of bias.”
BackgroundSex, menstrual cycle, and hormonal contraceptives influences on global-local processing.
Marful, A., Paolieri, D., & Bernal, A. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105430 · Cited by 7
“…following: uncorrected visual problems; any kind of hearing, language, neurological, or psychiatric impairment; the use of anabolic steroids or medication for chronic or neurological diseases; and substance abuse (Bernal et al., 2020; Colzato et al., 2010a; Sundström-Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014).”
BackgroundThe Impacts of Sex Differences and Sex Hormones on Fear Extinction
Velasco, E. R., Florido, A., Pérez-Caballero, L., Marin‐Blasco, I., & Andero, R. (2023) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2023_426 · Cited by 9
Exploring Sex Differences in the Neural Correlates of Self-and Other-Referential Gender Stereotyping
Hornung, J., Smith, E. S., Junger, J., Pauly, K. D., Habel, U., & Derntl, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00031 · Cited by 9
“This is because to our knowledge no conclusive model exists regarding the action of sex hormones on human cognition in general let alone on gender stereotyping (Sundström-Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014; Toffoletto et al., 2014).”
BackgroundRoflumilast attenuates cognitive deficits in estrogen insufficient rats
Goyal, A., & Garabadu, D. (2020) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000574 · Cited by 8
Qiao, Y., Guo, J., Xiao, Q., Wang, J., Zhang, X., Liang, X., Wei, L., Bi, H., & Gao, T. (2025) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3389/ebm.2025.10204 · Cited by 7
The Cycling Brain in the Workplace: Does Workload Modulate the Menstrual Cycle Effect on Cognition?
Xu, M. Q., Chen, D., Li, H., Wang, H., & Yang, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.856276 · Cited by 7
Differential effects of acute exercise on emotional memory in men and women
Nakamura, M., Kawata, Y., Hirosawa, M., Ota, T., & Shibata, N. (2023) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2023.1062051 · Cited by 7
“Furthermore, it has been reported that the menstrual cycle affects emotional memory (63).”
BackgroundSeddik, M., Bouzouraa, M. M., Ceylan, H. İ., Hamaidi, J., Ghouili, H., Chtourou, H., Guelmami, N., Dergaa, I., Muntean, R. I., & Souissi, N. (2025) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-025-01117-2 · Cited by 12
Eye-movements during number comparison: Associations to sex and sex hormones
Schulte, L., Hawelka, S., & Pletzer, B. (2020) · Physiology and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113161 · Cited by 8
“[11,64,67]) and menstrual cycle effects in spatial and verbal functions (for a review see [61]).”
Martin, D., Papageorgiou, M., Colgan, H., Bandelow, S., Greeves, J., Tang, J. C. Y., Fraser, W., Cooper, S., Sale, C., & Elliott-Sale, K. (2021) · Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme · doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-0474 · Cited by 8
Xie, J., Lu, Y., Li, J., & Zhang, W. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113427 · Cited by 7
Mindfulness-Based Intervention Effects on EEG and Executive Functions: A Systematic Review
Galindo-Aldana, G., Montoya-Rivera, L. A., Esqueda-Elizondo, J. J., Inzunza-González, E., García-Guerrero, E. E., Padilla-López, A., Bautista, T. G., & Torres-González, C. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15030324 · Cited by 6
“…to the literature, sex is an independent variable that should be carefully considered when the alpha rhythm is part of the research interest, once the menstrual cycle may impact the alpha reactivity to open and close eye maneuver [102], as well as to cognitive neuropsychological domains [103].”
Neuronal type-specific modulation of cognition and AP-1 signaling by early-life rearing conditions
Alaiz-Noya, M., Miozzo, F., Fuentes-Ramos, M., Machnicka, M. A., Kurowska, M., Herrera, M. L., del Blanco, B., Niñerola, S., Bustos-Martínez, I., Wilczyński, B., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-65343-5 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Sundström Poromaa, I., & Gingnell, M.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- ORCID
- Gingnell, Malin
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2014-11-24
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 380-380
- ISSN
- 1662-453X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4241821
- OpenAlex
- W2019634736
- Cited by
- 291
- References
- 132
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- menstrual cycle, cognitive function, emotional processing, ovarian steroids, estradiol, progesterone, sexual dimorphism, mental rotation, working memory, prefrontal cortex, luteal phase, premenstrual disorders, amygdala reactivity, emotional memory, fear extinction, emotion recognition
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