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Assessment of Dietary Intake and Eating Attitudes in Recreational and Competitive Adolescent Rock Climbers: A Pilot Study
Open accessAbstract
The dietary intake patterns and eating attitudes of adolescent climbers has not been studied. To fill this gap, we administered three surveys to 22 rock climbers (13 males, 9 females, age 14.21.9 years): climbing ability, three-day dietary recall, and Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26). The majority (82%) of climbers did not meet their target energy intake (target = 2471493 kcalday-1; actual = 1963 581 kcalday-1) (p=0.003) and 86% of climbers consumed below their target carbohydrate intake (target = 28367 gday-1; actual intake = 22672 gday-1) (p=0.009). Average dietary protein intake was 95 51 gday-1, with the majority of climbers meeting their target intake of 8821 g (p=0.580). Seventy-three percent of climbers consumed below their target dietary fat intake (target = 9021 gday-1; actual = 6920 gday-1) (p=0.001). Average EAT-26 scores were 5.3± 4.1, indicating minimal risk of disordered eating attitudes/behaviors. There were no significant differences in boulderers vs. top rope climbers for energy/macronutrient intake, BMI, and EAT-26 score. There were no associations between energy intake and EAT-26 score (R2= 0.245, p=0.271) or climbing ability and EAT-26 score (R2=, p=0.217). These data suggest that adolescent climbers fail to meet target dietary intakes except protein, and exhibit minimal risk of disordered eating.
Overview
CoChat Summary
TL;DR
In a pilot study of 22 adolescent rock climbers, most failed to meet target energy, carbohydrate, and fat intakes, while protein intake generally met or exceeded targets. EAT-26 scores indicated minimal risk of disordered eating, with no significant differences by climbing type or ability for most intake variables.
Key findings
- 82% consumed below target energy intake (target 2,471 ± 493 kcal/day; actual 1,963 ± 581 kcal/day; p = 0.002 in Results/Table 2; abstract reports p = 0.003). 86% consumed below target carbohydrate intake (target 283 ± 67 g/day; actual 226 ± 72 g/day; p = 0.009), and 73% consumed below target fat intake (target 90 ± 21 g/day; actual 69 ± 20 g/day; p = 0.001).
- Protein intake was generally adequate: 23% consumed below target (target 88 ± 21 g/day; actual 95 ± 51 g/day; p = 0.584).
- Average EAT-26 score was 5.3 ± 4.1, indicating minimal risk of disordered eating attitudes/behaviors; only 1 participant met criteria for disordered eating attitude/behavior (prevalence 4.5%). Males had higher EAT-26 scores than females (6.8 ± 4.3 vs. 5.3 ± 4.1 as reported in text; p = 0.031; Table 3 reports female score 3.2 ± 2.8).
- No significant differences were found between boulderers and top rope climbers for energy/macronutrient intake, BMI, or EAT-26 score. Elite/advanced climbers consumed more protein than intermediate/low grade climbers (1.8 vs. 1.7 g/kg/day, p = 0.043), with no other intake differences. No associations were found between energy intake and EAT-26 score (R² = 0.245, p = 0.271) or climbing ability and EAT-26 score (R² = 0.274, p = 0.217).
Methods
- Pilot cross-sectional study of 22 adolescent rock climbers (13 males, 9 females; age 14.2 ± 1.9 years) from two climbing gyms. Participants completed health history, climbing ability, 3-day dietary recall, and EAT-26 surveys under supervision of a registered dietitian.
- Dietary intake was analyzed with Nutritics Professional Edition. Target energy needs were estimated using the Schofield equation for resting metabolic rate multiplied by an activity factor of 1.6 for males and 1.5 for females; target carbohydrate was 5 g/kg/day, protein 1.6 g/kg/day, and fat 20–35% of total energy.
- Statistical analysis used independent and paired-samples t-tests and Pearson correlations, with significance set at p < 0.05; data presented as means ± SD.
Limitations
- Stated: anthropometric data were self-reported; self-reported dietary recalls may introduce under- or over-reporting; self-reported climbing ability may vary from actual ability, though coaches assisted with classification.
- Stated: as a pilot study, the small sample and cross-sectional design limit generalizability, and larger-scale follow-up studies are warranted. The authors also note it was not possible to discern whether the high-protein, energy-restricted pattern was intentional or by chance.
- Evident from the text: the study lacked physiological measures of low energy availability/RED-S, body composition, growth, bone density, and menstrual status, which the authors identify as areas for future research.
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Claims the paper makes
0 Valid · 0 Not valid · 37 Not checked · 67 Own results and interpretations
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only 1 participant met the criteria for an eating attitude associated with disordered eating by responding “yes” to a behavioral question. The prevalence of disordered eating attitudes was 4.5%.”
§ Assessment of Dietary Intake and Eating Attitudes in Recreational and Competitive Adolescent Rock Climbers: A Pilot Study > Results > Eating Attitudes and Behaviors
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or climbing ability and EAT-26 scores (R2 = 0.274, p = 0.217) when assessed for all climbers combined.”
§ Assessment of Dietary Intake and Eating Attitudes in Recreational and Competitive Adolescent Rock Climbers: A Pilot Study > Results > Eating Attitudes and Behaviors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the majority of climbers failed to meet target dietary CHO (with 86% of climbers not meeting target intake)”
§ Assessment of Dietary Intake and Eating Attitudes in Recreational and Competitive Adolescent Rock Climbers: A Pilot Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No differences in EAT-26 score were observed between elite/advanced (5.6 ± 4.7) and intermediate/low grade (4.7 ± 2.3, p = 0.566) climbers”
§ Assessment of Dietary Intake and Eating Attitudes in Recreational and Competitive Adolescent Rock Climbers: A Pilot Study > Results > Eating Attitudes and Behaviors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| EAT-26 score | >20 | 6.8 ± 4.4 | — | >20 | 3.2 ± 2.8 | — | p = 0.031 |”
§ Assessment of Dietary Intake and Eating Attitudes in Recreational and Competitive Adolescent Rock Climbers: A Pilot Study > Results > Dietary Intake
plainstates an associationn = 13 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Assessment of Dietary Intake and Eating Attitudes in Recreational and Competitive Adolescent Rock Climbers: A Pilot Study > Results > Dietary Intake
“Figure 1C expresses the percentage of boulderers compared to top rope climbers, respectively, which met target energy (10 vs. 25%), CHO (10 vs. 33%), protein (60 vs. 75%), and fat (40 vs. 8%).”
§ Assessment of Dietary Intake and Eating Attitudes in Recreational and Competitive Adolescent Rock Climbers: A Pilot Study > Abstract
“86% of climbers consumed below their target carbohydrate intake”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Assessment of Dietary Intake and Eating Attitudes in Recreational and Competitive Adolescent Rock Climbers: A Pilot Study > Conclusion
“There were no significant differences in dietary intake between males and females and between climbing abilities.”
§ Assessment of Dietary Intake and Eating Attitudes in Recreational and Competitive Adolescent Rock Climbers: A Pilot Study > Results > Dietary Intake
“| Protein intake (g·kg−1BM·day−1) | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | p = 0.043 |”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Assessment of Dietary Intake and Eating Attitudes in Recreational and Competitive Adolescent Rock Climbers: A Pilot Study > Results > Participant Demographics
“n = 4 intermediate grade climbers, n = 15 advanced climbers, n = 2 elite climbers, and n = 0 higher elite climbers”
§ Assessment of Dietary Intake and Eating Attitudes in Recreational and Competitive Adolescent Rock Climbers: A Pilot Study > Results > Dietary Intake
“Intermediate/low climbers: males n = 5; females n = 2.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Assessment of Dietary Intake and Eating Attitudes in Recreational and Competitive Adolescent Rock Climbers: A Pilot Study > Results > Participant Demographics
“| Height (cm) | 165.0 ± 12.4 | 171 ± 10.2 | 156 ± 10.2 |”
§ Assessment of Dietary Intake and Eating Attitudes in Recreational and Competitive Adolescent Rock Climbers: A Pilot Study > Results > Dietary Intake
“| Height (cm) | — | 171 ± 10.2 | — | — | 156 ± 8.5 | — | p = 0.004 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Assessment of Dietary Intake and Eating Attitudes in Recreational and Competitive Adolescent Rock Climbers: A Pilot Study > Results > Dietary Intake
“The percentage of males vs. females that met their target energy (22 vs. 22%)”
§ Assessment of Dietary Intake and Eating Attitudes in Recreational and Competitive Adolescent Rock Climbers: A Pilot Study > Results > Dietary Intake
“Eighty-two percent of climbers consumed below their target energy dietary intake of 2,471 ± 493 kcal”
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Citations
Cites
The Eating Attitudes Test: psychometric features and clinical correlates
Garner, D. M., Olmsted, M. P., Bohr, Y., & Garfinkel, P. E. (1982) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700049163 · Cited by 4,962
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Prevalence of Eating Disorders in Elite Athletes Is Higher Than in the General Population
Sundgot-Borgen, J., & Torstveit, M. K. (2004) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/00042752-200401000-00005 · Cited by 1,077
Validation of a Youth/Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire
Rockett, H. R. H., Breitenbach, M., Frazier, A. L., Witschi, J., Wolf, A. M., Field, A. E., & Colditz, G. A. (1997) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.1997.0200 · Cited by 696
Poslusna, K., Ruprich, J., de Vries, J. H. M., Jakubikova, M., & van't Veer, P. (2009) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114509990602 · Cited by 695
Burrows, T. L., Martin, R. J., & Collins, C. E. (2010) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.07.008 · Cited by 669
Dietary protein for athletes: From requirements to optimum adaptation
Phillips, S. M., & Van Loon, L. J. C. (2011) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.619204 · Cited by 530
Bratland‐Sanda, S., & Sundgot‐Borgen, J. (2013) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2012.740504 · Cited by 508
Cited by
Prevalence of Disordered Eating Among International Sport Lead Rock Climbers
Joubert, L. M., Gonzalez, G. B., & Larson, A. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2020.00086 · Cited by 61
Self-citationDietary Intake, Body Composition and Iron Status in Experienced and Elite Climbers
Gibson-Smith, E., Storey, R., & Ranchordas, M. K. (2020) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.00122 · Cited by 47
Physiological demands and nutritional considerations for Olympic-style competitive rock climbing
Michael, M. K., Witard, O. C., & Joubert, L. M. (2019) · Cogent Medicine · doi:10.1080/2331205x.2019.1667199 · Cited by 41
Self-citationMonedero, J., Duff, C., & Egan, B. (2022) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004317 · Cited by 31
Prevalence of amenorrhea in elite female competitive climbers
Joubert, L. M., Warme, A., Larson, A. M., Grønhaug, G., Michael, M. K., Schöffl, V., Burtscher, E., & Meyer, N. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.895588 · Cited by 23
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Michael, M. K., Joubert, L., & Witard, O. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Stirling (GB)
- Northern Michigan University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Joubert, Lanae
- Venue
- Frontiers in Nutrition
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-05-10
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 64-64
- ISSN
- 2296-861X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6523393
- OpenAlex
- W2939106940
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 2.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- rock climbing, youth athletes, dietary intake, eating attitudes, energy intake, macronutrient intake, disordered eating, climbing ability, protein intake, carbohydrate intake, dietary fat intake
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