Raynaud’s Phenomenon: A Brief Review of the Underlying Mechanisms
Open accessAbstract
Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is characterized by exaggerated cold-induced vasoconstriction. This augmented vasoconstriction occurs by virtue of a reflex response to cooling via the sympathetic nervous system as well as by local activation of α2C adrenoceptors (α2C-AR). In a cold-initiated, mitochondrion-mediated mechanism involving reactive oxygen species and the Rho/ROCK pathway, cytoskeletal rearrangement in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) orchestrates the translocation of α2C-AR to the cell membrane, where this receptor readily interacts with its ligand. Different parameters are involved in this spatial and functional rescue of α2C-AR. Of notable relevance is the female hormone, 17β-estradiol, or estrogen. This is consistent with the high prevalence of RP in pre-menopausal women compared to age-matched males. In addition to dissecting the role of these various players, the contribution of pollution as well as genetic background to the onset and prevalence of RP are also discussed. Different therapeutic approaches employed as treatment modalities for this disease are also highlighted and analyzed. The lack of an appropriate animal model for RP mandates that more efforts be undertaken in order to better understand and eventually treat this disease. Although several lines of treatment are utilized, it is important to note that precaution is often effective in reducing severity or frequency of RP attacks.
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Both Parkinson's disease and Raynaud's syndrome are marked by impaired thermoregulation, linked in Parkinson's to alpha-synuclein pathology in the CNS and in Raynaud's to sympathetic nervous system and α2C adrenoreceptor dysregulation in the small blood vessels of the digits.
“However, both of these diseases are marked by impaired thermoregulation39,40, linked in Parkinson’s to alpha-synuclein pathology in the CNS40 and in Raynaud’s to sympathetic nervous system and α2C adrenoreceptor dysregulation in the small blood vessels of the digits41.”
From Diurnal rhythms of wrist temperature are associated with future disease risk in the UK Biobank (2023) · cites this paper as [41]
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RETRACTED: Therapeutic potential of flavonoids in cancer: ROS-mediated mechanisms
Slika, H., Mansour, H., Wehbe, N., Nasser, S. A., Iratni, R., Nasrallah, G., Shaito, A., Ghaddar, T., Kobeissy, F., & Eid, A. H. (2022) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112442 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
RetractedDiurnal rhythms of wrist temperature are associated with future disease risk in the UK Biobank
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- Authors
- Fardoun, M. M., Nassif, J., Issa, K., Baydoun, E., & Eid, A. H.
- Affiliations
- American University of Beirut (LB)
- Corresponding author
- Baydoun, Elias
- Eid, Ali H.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2016-11-16
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 438-438
- ISSN
- 1663-9812 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5110514
- OpenAlex
- W2552149110
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 156
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 0.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Pharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Systemic Sclerosis and Related Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Keywords
- Raynaud's phenomenon, cold-induced vasoconstriction, alpha2C-adrenoceptor, sympathetic nervous system, reactive oxygen species, Rho/ROCK signaling, vascular smooth muscle cells, cytoskeletal rearrangement, estradiol, sex differences, pollution, genetic susceptibility, animal models
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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