Probiotics reduce health care cost and societal impact of flu-like respiratory tract infections in the USA: An economic modeling study
Open accessAbstract
Acute respiratory tract infections (RTIs) of viral origin place a substantial burden on health care resources and society. Randomized controlled trials have shown positive effects of probiotics on clinical outcomes in these commonly occurring RTIs. Two meta-analyses published by the York Health Economics Consortium (YHEC) and Cochrane reported the efficacy of probiotics in reducing incidence and duration of RTIs, number of antibiotic courses, and days absent from work. The aim of this study was to assess the potential health-economic impact of probiotics on RTI-associated events and expenses in the US primary care setting. A state-transition microsimulation model reproduced a study population representative of the US national demographics for age and gender (1/1,000 sample). RTI incidence was based on the influenza-like illness outpatient consultation rate reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) FluView. Data on vaccination, on factors that negatively impact RTI outcomes, on resource utilization, and on productivity loss were obtained from US national databases. Analyses were performed for both meta-analyses independently. Outcomes included cost savings for the health care payer, related to a reduced number of RTI episodes, less outpatient consultations, and decreased medical prescriptions as well as cost savings from a broader societal perspective related to productivity loss. The analysis showed that generalized probiotic intake in the US population for 2017-2018 would have allowed cost savings for the health care payer of 4.6 million USD based on the YHEC scenario and 373 million USD for the Cochrane scenario, by averting 19 million and 54.5 million RTI sick days, respectively, compared to no probiotics. Antibiotic prescriptions decreased with 1.39-2.16 million courses, whereas absence from work decreased by 3.58-4.2 million days when applying the YHEC and Cochrane data, respectively. When productivity loss is included, total savings for society represented 784 million or 1.4 billion USD for the YHEC and Cochrane scenarios, respectively. Subgroup analyses demonstrated an incremental benefit of probiotics in at-risk groups, which might be of relevance for targeted interventions. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the model outcomes. Our analysis demonstrated a positive impact of probiotics on the health care and economic burden of flu-like RTIs. Improved disease outcomes translated into considerable cost savings for both the payer and society.
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Economic modeling study applied to US population, utilizing Cochrane data, concluded probiotic use could achieve >54 million fewer days of infection, >2 million averted antibiotic courses, and >4 million avoided missed work days.
“Additionally, an economic modeling study applied to the US population, utilizing this same Cochrane data, concluded that probiotic use could achieve >54 million fewer days of infection, >2 million averted antibiotic courses, and >4 million avoided missed work days (Lenoir-Wijnkoop et al., 2019).”
From Viral Infections, the Microbiome, and Probiotics (2021) · cites this paper as Lenoir-Wijnkoop et al., 2019
Benefit in cost savings translated to US population only would represent approximately 1.4 billion USD annually.
“The benefit of this in terms of cost savings, translated to the US population only, would represent approximately 1.4 billion USD annually.”
From Viral Infections, the Microbiome, and Probiotics (2021) · cites this paper as Lenoir-Wijnkoop et al., 2019
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- Authors
- Lenoir-Wijnkoop, I., Merenstein, D., Korchagina, D., Broholm, C., Sanders, M. E., & Tancredi, D.
- Affiliations
- Georgetown University (US)
- IQVIA (France) (FR)
- Chr. Hansen (Denmark) (DK)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-08-28
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 1182-1182
- ISSN
- 1663-9812 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6722238
- OpenAlex
- W2966785525
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 6.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- corrigendum (2019-10-11)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Pharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections
- Keywords
- probiotics, acute respiratory infections, influenza-like illness, economic burden, health care costs, productivity loss, antibiotic prescribing, absenteeism, primary care, societal cost savings
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