The DOI matches its Crossref record; 171 of the 171 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Qudits and High-Dimensional Quantum Computing
Open accessAbstract
Qudit is a multi-level computational unit alternative to the conventional 2-level qubit. Compared to qubit, qudit provides a larger state space to store and process information, and thus can provide reduction of the circuit complexity, simplification of the experimental setup and enhancement of the algorithm efficiency. This review provides an overview of qudit-based quantum computing covering a variety of topics ranging from circuit building, algorithm design, to experimental methods. We first discuss the qudit gate universality and a variety of qudit gates including the pi/8 gate, the SWAP gate, and the multi-level-controlled gate. We then present the qudit version of several representative quantum algorithms including the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm, the quantum Fourier transform, and the phase estimation algorithm. Finally we discuss various physical realizations for qudit computation such as the photonic platform, iron trap, and nuclear magnetic resonance.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Quantum Computation and Quantum Information
Nielsen, M. A., Chuang, I., & Grover, L. K. (2002) · American Journal of Physics · doi:10.1119/1.1463744 · Cited by 21,895
Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithms and factoring
Shor, P. W. (2002) · Proceedings 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science · doi:10.1109/sfcs.1994.365700 · Cited by 8,713
Quantum Computation and Quantum Information: 10th Anniversary Edition
Nielsen, M. A., & Chuang, I. L. (2012) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511976667 · Cited by 8,436
Fault-tolerant quantum computation by anyons
Kitaev, A. Y. (2003) · Annals of Physics · doi:10.1016/s0003-4916(02)00018-0 · Cited by 7,238
Quantum computation with quantum dots
Loss, D., & DiVincenzo, D. P. (1998) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.57.120 · Cited by 6,840
Principles of Magnetic Resonance
Slichter, C. P. (1990) · Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-09441-9 · Cited by 5,520
Quantum theory, the Church–Turing principle and the universal quantum computer
Deutsch, D. (1985) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspa.1985.0070 · Cited by 4,597 · cited 1×
“1 Qudit Oracle-Decision Algorithm In this subsection we explore the qudit generalizations of the efficient algorithms for solving the oracle decision problems, which are quite important historically and used to demonstrate the classical-quantum complexity separation [44, 45].”
MethodRaussendorf, R., & Briegel, H. J. (2001) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.86.5188 · Cited by 4,477
Polynomial-time algorithms for prime factorization and discrete logarithms on a quantum computer
Shor, P. W. (1999) · SIAM Review · doi:10.1137/s0036144598347011 · Cited by 3,904
Quantum Algorithm for Linear Systems of Equations
Harrow, A. W., Hassidim, A., & Lloyd, S. (2009) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.103.150502 · Cited by 3,325
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Bocharov, 2016, Improved quantum ternary arithmetic, Quant Inf Comput, 16, 862, 10.5555/3179473.3179481 · doi:10.5555/3179473.3179481
- Bogani, 2010, Molecular spintronics using single-molecule magnets, 194
- Cui, 2015, Universal quantum computation with weakly integral anyons, Quant Inf Process, 14, 2687, 10.1007/s11128-015-1016-y · doi:10.1007/s11128-015-1016-y
- Ganzhorn, 2013, Strong spin-phonon coupling between a single-molecule magnet and a carbon nanotube nanoelectromechanical system, Nat Nanotechnol, 8, 165, 10.1038/nnano.2012.258 · doi:10.1038/nnano.2012.258
- Garcia-Escartin, 2013, A swap gate for qudits, Quant Inf Process, 12, 3625, 10.1007/s11128-013-0621-x · doi:10.1007/s11128-013-0621-x
- Ishikawa, 2003, Determination of ligand-field parameters and f-electronic structures of double-decker bis(phthalocyaninato)lanthanide complexes, Inorg Chem, 42, 2440, 10.1021/ic026295u · doi:10.1021/ic026295u
- Liu, 2009, Decay of multiqudit entanglement, Phys Rev A, 79, 064305, 10.1103/physreva.79.064305 · doi:10.1103/physreva.79.064305
- Moreno Pineda, 2016, Surface confinement of TbPc2-SMMs: structural, electronic and magnetic properties, Dalton Trans, 45, 18417, 10.1039/C6DT03298B · doi:10.1039/c6dt03298b
- Urdampilleta, 2011, Supramolecular spin valves, Nat Mater, 10, 502, 10.1038/nmat3050 · doi:10.1038/nmat3050
- Wilmott, 2011, On swapping the states of two qudits, Int J Quant Inf, 9, 1511, 10.1142/S0219749911008143 · doi:10.1142/s0219749911008143
Cited by
A universal qudit quantum processor with trapped ions
Ringbauer, M., Meth, M., Postler, L., Stricker, R., Blatt, R., Schindler, P., & Monz, T. (2022) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/s41567-022-01658-0 · Cited by 351
A programmable qudit-based quantum processor
Chi, Y., Huang, J., Zhang, Z., Mao, J., Zhou, Z., Chen, X., Zhai, C., Bao, J., Dai, T., Yuan, H., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28767-x · Cited by 273
Quantum error correction of qudits beyond break-even
Brock, B. L., Singh, S., Eickbusch, A., Sivak, V. V., Ding, A. Z., Frunzio, L., Girvin, S. M., & Devoret, M. H. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08899-y · Cited by 64
Fernández de Fuentes, I., Botzem, T., Johnson, M. A. I., Vaartjes, A., Asaad, S., Mourik, V., Hudson, F. E., Itoh, K. M., Johnson, B. C., Jakob, A. M., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45368-y · Cited by 46
Empowering a qudit-based quantum processor by traversing the dual bosonic ladder
Nguyen, L. B., Goss, N., Siva, K., Kim, Y., Younis, E., Qing, B., Hashim, A., Santiago, D. I., & Siddiqi, I. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51434-2 · Cited by 31
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, Y., Hu, Z., Sanders, B. C., & Kais, S.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Physics
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-11-10
- Volume
- 8
- ISSN
- 2296-424X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3046716817
- Cited by
- 478
- References
- 171
- FWCI
- 15.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Qudits and High-Dimensional Quantum Computing. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3389/fphy.2020.589504
- The paper
- Wang, Y., Hu, Z., Sanders, B. C., & Kais, S. (2020). Qudits and High-Dimensional Quantum Computing. Frontiers in Physics. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2020.589504
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
