Integrated approaches for increasing plant yield under salt stress
Open accessAbstract
Salt stress affects large cultivated areas worldwide, thus causing remarkable reductions in plant growth and yield. To reduce the negative effects of salt stress on plant growth and yield, plant hormones, nutrient absorption, and utilization, as well as developing salt-tolerant varieties and enhancing their morpho-physiological activities, are some integrative approaches to coping with the increasing incidence of salt stress. Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the critical impacts of these integrative approaches on plant growth and yield. However, a comprehensive review of these integrative approaches, that regulate plant growth and yield under salt stress, is still in its early stages. The review focused on the major issues of nutrient absorption and utilization by plants, as well as the development of salt tolerance varieties under salt stress. In addition, we explained the effects of these integrative approaches on the crop’s growth and yield, illustrated the roles that phytohormones play in improving morpho-physiological activities, and identified some relevant genes involve in these integrative approaches when the plant is subjected to salt stress. The current review demonstrated that HA with K enhance plant morpho-physiological activities and soil properties. In addition, NRT and NPF genes family enhance nutrients uptake, NHX1, SOS1, TaNHX, AtNHX1, KDML, RD6, and SKC1, maintain ion homeostasis and membrane integrity to cope with the adverse effects of salt stress, and sd1/Rht1, AtNHX1, BnaMAX1s, ipal-1D, and sft improve the plant growth and yield in different plants. The primary purpose of this investigation is to provide a comprehensive review of the performance of various strategies under salt stress, which might assist in further interpreting the mechanisms that plants use to regulate plant growth and yield under salt stress.
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MYB transcription factors regulate ion homeostasis and control ROS levels during salt stress.
“MYB transcription factors regulate ion homeostasis and control reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels during salt stress (Ahmad et al., 2023).”
From Emerging applications of gene editing technologies for the development of climate-resilient crops (2025) · cites this paper as Ahmad et al., 2023
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“The possible results might be due to the SKC1 genes responsible for the maintenance of ionic homeostasis, maintaining membrane integrity, and coping against salt-induced damages such as ROS detoxification (Nounjan et al., 2018; El Moukhtari et al., 2020).”
BackgroundProspects for the accelerated improvement of the resilient crop quinoa
López‐Marqués, R. L., Nørrevang, A. F., Ache, P., Moog, M. W., Visintainer, D., Wendt, T., Østerberg, J. T., Dockter, C., Jørgensen, M. E., Salvador, A. T., et al. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/eraa285 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Zhang, G., Chen, Y., Gao, J., Sun, Y.-R., Sun, M.-F., & Chen, J. (2019) · Acta Physiologiae Plantarum · doi:10.1007/s11738-019-2869-y · Cited by 85 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Different studies have shown that the regulation of genes under salt stress is affected by numerous transcriptional cascades (Wu et al., 2019).”
BackgroundOpportunity and challenges of phenotyping plant salt tolerance
Hu, Y., & Schmidhalter, U. (2023) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2022.12.010 · Cited by 82 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Different studies have shown that yield of transgenic wheat and barley genotypes with salt resistance can be developed by manipulating the expression of introducing genes or native genes (Hu and Schmidhalter, 2023).”
BackgroundXia, X., Cheng, X., Li, R., Yao, J., Li, Z., & Cheng, Y. (2021) · Theoretical and Applied Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00122-021-03874-3 · Cited by 78 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Genomeediting technologies characterize crop improvement and gene function (Xia et al., 2021).”
BackgroundSlGRAS4 mediates a novel regulatory pathway promoting chilling tolerance in tomato
Liu, Y., Shi, Y., Zhu, N., Zhong, S., Bouzayen, M., & Li, Z. (2020) · Plant Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1111/pbi.13328 · Cited by 77 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Tomato TaNHX Reduce the uptake of Na Enhance salt tolerance (Liu et al., 2020)”
BackgroundTaMYB86B encodes a R2R3-type MYB transcription factor and enhances salt tolerance in wheat
Song, Y., Yang, W., Hai, F., Zhang, X., & Sui, N. (2020) · Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110624 · Cited by 77 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Wheat MYB Regulates ion homeostasis Enhance salt tolerance via regulating osmotic pressure and lower production of ROS (Song et al., 2020)”
BackgroundSingh, Y. P., Mishra, V. K., Singh, S. S., Sharma, D. K., Singh, D. K., Singh, U. S., Singh, R. K., Haefele, S. M., & Ismail, A. M. (2016) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2016.02.007 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Ali, A. Y. A., Ibrahim, M. E. H., Zhou, G., Nimir, N. E. A., Elsiddig, A. M. I., Jiao, X., Zhu, G., Salih, E. G. I., Suliman, M. S. E. S., & Elradi, S. B. M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84713-9 · Cited by 72 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Due to the imbalances of nutrient availability in soil, salt stress thus causes ion toxicity in different plants (Ali et al., 2021).”
BackgroundBiochar application affects forage sorghum under salinity stress
Ibrahim, M. E. H., Ali, A. Y. A., Zhou, G., Elsiddig, A. M. I., Zhu, G., Nimir, N. E. A., & Ahmad, I. (2020) · Chilean journal of agricultural research · doi:10.4067/s0718-58392020000300317 · Cited by 70 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For instance, the reports of Xie et al. (2019) on various plants and Hussien Ibrahim et al. (2020) on sorghum showed that tissue alteration under salt stress caused a significant decrease in the seedling growth characteristics (Xie et al., 2019; Hussien Ibrahim et al., 2020).”
BackgroundIntegrated strategies for increasing rapeseed yield
Zheng, M., Terzaghi, W., Wang, H., & Hua, W. (2022) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2022.03.008 · Cited by 70 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Cereals sd1/Rht1 Increase plant yield Enhance salt tolerance (Zheng et al., 2022)”
BackgroundHuang, J. W., Li, J., Zhou, J. L., Wang, L., Yang, S., Hurst, L. D., Li, W., & Tian, D. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1806110115 · Cited by 68 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Recently, 30 genotypes of “Green Revolution miracle rice” were investigated through genome sequencing, and 57 genes controlling yield-relevant traits were knocked out via the CRIPR-Cas9 technique (Huang et al., 2018).”
MethodPu, Y., Liu, L., Wu, J., Zhao, Y., Bai, J., Li, L., Yue, J., Jin, J., Niu, Z., Fang, Y., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20112771 · Cited by 67 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Frontiers in Plant Science 02 stress (Pu et al., 2019; Ahmad et al., 2022b).”
Categories of exogenous substances and their effect on alleviation of plant salt stress
Feng, D., Gao, Q., Liu, J., Tang, J., Hua, Z., & Sun, X. (2022) · European Journal of Agronomy · doi:10.1016/j.eja.2022.126656 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Abbas, G., Rehman, S., Siddiqui, M. H., Ali, H. M., Farooq, M. A., & Chen, Y. (2022) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants11030263 · Cited by 61 · cited 2× · see citing works
“(2022) demonstrated that the application of K with humic acid (HA) enhanced different physiological and biochemical activities, such as nutrient uptake, water relations, stomatal conductance, and enzymes activation to counter the adverse effects of ROS (Abbas et al., 2022).”
BackgroundAhmad, I., Zhu, G., Zhou, G., Song, X., Ibrahim, M. E. H., Salih, E. G. I., Hussain, S., & Younas, M. U. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23137339 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Chennakesavulu, K., Singh, H., Trivedi, P. K., Jain, M., & Yadav, S. R. (2022) · Plant Cell Reports · doi:10.1007/s00299-021-02681-w · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Tang, Y., Du, G., Xiang, J., Hu, C., Li, X., Wang, W., Zhu, H., Qiao, L., Zhao, C., Wang, J., et al. (2021) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.12.015 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Denaxa, N.-K., Nomikou, A., Malamos, N. A., Liveri, E., Roussos, P. A., & Papasotiropoulos, V. (2022) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy12102279 · Cited by 50 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Adapting cultivars to salt stress involves complex biochemical, physiological, and molecular mechanisms, which are still in an early phase (Denaxa et al., 2022).”
BackgroundPanagea, I., Daliakopoulos, I. Ν., Tsanis, I. K., & Schwilch, G. (2016) · Solid Earth · doi:10.5194/se-7-177-2016 · Cited by 49 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Recently, various approaches, traditional and state-of-the-art amelioration, have been put forward to improve plant yield (Panagea et al., 2016).”
BackgroundEffect of N on Growth, Antioxidant Capacity, and Chlorophyll Content of Sorghum
Ahmad, I., Zhu, G., Zhou, G., Song, X., Ibrahim, M. E. H., & Salih, E. G. I. (2022) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy12020501 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Ali, A. Y. A., Ibrahim, M. E. H., Zhou, G., Nimir, N. E. A., Jiao, X., Zhu, G., Elsiddig, A. M. I., Zhi, W., Chen, X., & Lu, H. (2019) · Agronomy Journal · doi:10.2134/agronj2019.05.0347 · Cited by 46 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The corresponding findings were supported by (Ali et al., 2019), who demonstrated that K with HA, increased salt resistance in sorghum by increasing its nutrient uptake and antioxidant”
ResultCombining novel technologies with interdisciplinary basic research to enhance horticultural crops
Jiang, X., Zhang, W., Fernie, A. R., & Wen, W. (2021) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/tpj.15553 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Zrig, A., AbdElgawad, H., Tounekti, T., Mohamed, H. B., Hamouda, F., & Khemira, H. (2020) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109812 · Cited by 41 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A key factor in plant salt resistance is the higher uptake of potassium over sodium (Zrig et al., 2021).”
BackgroundEkinci, M., TURAN, M., & YILDIRIM, E. (2021) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY · doi:10.3906/tar-2104-81 · Cited by 37 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It creates osmotic stress due to the elevated sodium (Na), resulting in a water shortage in plant cells and thus affecting water potential (Ekinci et al., 2022).”
BackgroundHe, H., Zhou, W., Lü, H., & Liang, B. (2022) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy12061393 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Gouiaa, S., & Khoudi, H. (2015) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.05.016 · Cited by 34 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The performance of the protein, NHX has been widely investigated in various crops such as tomatoes, rice, and cotton (Liu et al., 2010; Gouiaa and Khoudi, 2015).”
BackgroundShihab, M. O., & Hamza, J. H. (2020) · Journal of Plant Nutrition · doi:10.1080/01904167.2020.1766066 · Cited by 34 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Seeds soaked with GA application facilitate germination and increased seedling length in rice and sorghum, as GA stimulated cell division and cell elongation (Saudi, 2017; Shihab and Hamza, 2020).”
BackgroundShiyab, S. M., SHATNAWI, M. A., Shibli, R. A., Smeirat, N. G. A., Ayad, J. Y., & Akash, M. W. (2013) · Journal of Plant Nutrition · doi:10.1080/01904167.2012.754037 · Cited by 32 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Several studies demonstrated that salt stress reduces the physiological activities of wheat, barley, maize, sunflower, rice, tomatoes, and beets (Turan et al., 2009; Shahbaz et al., 2011; Shiyab et al., 2013; Umnajkitikorn et al., 2013; Zeeshan et al., 2020; He et al., 2022).”
BackgroundWang, W., Pang, J., Zhang, F., Sun, L., Yang, L., Fu, T., Guo, L., & Siddique, K. H. M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05700-2 · Cited by 32 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Understanding the molecular mechanism underlying salt resistance in plants is essential for improving crop quality and yield, and this can only be achieved by studying different salt-tolerant genes in plants (Wang et al., 2022).”
BackgroundLiu, Y., Gao, Y., Gao, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2019) · Horticulture Research · doi:10.1038/s41438-019-0179-6 · Cited by 31 · cited 4× · see citing works
“…stress tolerance through CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing has been documented in Arabidopsis, wheat, rice, tomatoes, barley, and sorghum (Gobena et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017; SánchezLeón et al., 2018; Lawrenson and Harwood, 2019; Liu et al., 2019; Tran et al., 2021).”
BackgroundInfluentialCreating Targeted Gene Knockouts in Barley Using CRISPR/Cas9
Lawrenson, T., & Harwood, W. (2018) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8944-7_14 · Cited by 27 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…stress tolerance through CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing has been documented in Arabidopsis, wheat, rice, tomatoes, barley, and sorghum (Gobena et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017; SánchezLeón et al., 2018; Lawrenson and Harwood, 2019; Liu et al., 2019; Tran et al., 2021).”
BackgroundTriacontanol as a versatile plant growth regulator in overcoming negative effects of salt stress
Verma, T., Bhardwaj, S., Singh, J., Kapoor, D., & Prasad, R. (2022) · Journal of Agriculture and Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100351 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ashraf, M., Rafique, N., Ashraf, M., Azhar, N., & Marchand, M. (2013) · Journal of Plant Nutrition · doi:10.1080/01904167.2012.748065 · Cited by 26 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previous studies demonstrated that macronutrients are required for various plant cellular processes, such as enzyme activation, photosynthesis, protein content, stomatal opening and closing, energy transmission, and osmoregulation under salt stress (Ashraf et al., 2013; Taha et al., 2020).”
BackgroundDu, N., Xue, L., Xue, D., Dong, X., Yang, Q., Jahan, M. S., Guo, H., Fu, R., Wang, Y., & Piao, F. (2022) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2022.146906 · Cited by 24 · cited 1× · see citing works
“SOS1 and NHX1 genes encode antiporter Na/H; however, SOS1 is located on the plant plasma membrane (Du et al., 2023).”
BackgroundLi, M., Tian, H., & Gao, Y. (2021) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-021-04927-8 · Cited by 22 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Many NRT family genes have been identified as having high affinity, whereas NPF are thought to function as the primary components of the LATS for NO3 at high concentrations (Li et al., 2021).”
BackgroundEffect of exogenous ascorbic acid on two sorghum varieties under different types of salt stress
Elsiddig, A. M. I., Zhou, G., Nimir, N. E. A., & Ali, A. Y. A. (2022) · Chilean journal of agricultural research · doi:10.4067/s0718-58392022000100010 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Negi, P., Pandey, M. K., Dorn, K., Nikam, A. A., Devarumath, R. M., Srivastava, A. K., & Suprasanna, P. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/eraa339 · Cited by 20 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Salt stress is one of the most important environmental factors, significantly decreasing crop growth and yield worldwide (Zörb et al., 2019; Negi et al., 2020).”
BackgroundChao, H., He, J., Cai, Q., Zhao, W., Fu, H., Hua, Y., Li, M., & Huang, J. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22094944 · Cited by 19 · cited 5× · see citing works
“WRKY genes in cotton respond to salt stress via ABA signaling and regulate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells (Yan et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialNa+/H+ antiporter (NHX) and salt stress tolerance
Sharma, H., Sharma, A., Sidhu, S., & Upadhyay, S. K. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85790-1.00008-7 · Cited by 19 · cited 2× · see citing works
“wheat AtNHX1 Increase plant yield Enhance salt tolerance (Sharma et al., 2022)”
BackgroundPamuta, D., Siangliw, M., Sanitchon, J., Pengrat, J., Siangliw, J. L., Toojinda, T., & Theerakulpisut, P. (2022) · Chilean journal of agricultural research · doi:10.4067/s0718-58392022000100097 · Cited by 16 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Salt-related genes, such as SKC1, CDPK, and MAPK pathways, overlay-sensitive (SOS) pathways, PAL and CHS, actively maintain response to salt stress in plants (Pamuta et al., 2022).”
BackgroundUmnajkitikorn, K., & Faiyue, B. (2016) · Rice Research Open Access · doi:10.4172/jrr.1000103 · Cited by 15 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Several studies demonstrated that salt stress reduces the physiological activities of wheat, barley, maize, sunflower, rice, tomatoes, and beets (Turan et al., 2009; Shahbaz et al., 2011; Shiyab et al., 2013; Umnajkitikorn et al., 2013; Zeeshan et al., 2020; He et al., 2022).”
BackgroundOpportunities for Developing Salt‐tolerant Wheat and Barley Varieties
Asif, M. A., Pearson, A. S., Schilling, R. K., & Roy, S. J. (2019) · Annual Plant Reviews online · doi:10.1002/9781119312994.apr0681 · Cited by 14 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Despite much research documented in understanding the response of plants to salt stress, the breeding of salt-resistant genotypes remains slow, with limited progress in plants (Asif et al., 2018; Kotula et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAmeliorative Effects of Phenolics in Oxidative Stress Management in Plants
Sharma, K., Kumar, M., & Chandran, D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-6426-8_17 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Phenolics Biosynthesis, Targets, and Signaling Pathways in Ameliorating Oxidative Stress in Plants
Kaur, M., Tak, Y., Bhatia, S., & Kaur, H. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-6426-8_8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Smart Plant Breeding for Vegetable Crops in Post-genomics Era
Singh, S. K., Sharma, D., Sharma, S. K., et al. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-5367-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wang, M., Li, G., Feng, Z., Liu, Y., Yuan, X., & Uscola, M. (2023) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcad019 · Cited by 8 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Nevertheless, internally, plants have developed comprehensive resistance systems to cope with the adverse effects of ROS (Wang et al., 2023).”
BackgroundChattha, M. U., Hassan, M. U., Khan, İ., Chattha, M. B., Aamer, M., Nawaz, M. Q., Anjum, S. A., Ashraf, U., & Kharal, M. (2020) · The Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Irfan, M. I., Jan, G., Jan, F. G., & Murad, W. (2021) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0278.v1 · Cited by 4 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The treatment reduced the adverse effects of salt stress, improved oxygen absorption, and improved the transportation of nutrients from cotyledon to embryos (Irfan et al., 2021).”
BackgroundAdvances in Potato Breeding for Abiotic Stress Tolerance
He, H., & He, L. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-5367-5_16 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Faure, S., Malagoli, P., Laîné, P., Deunff, E. L., Dily, F. L., Ourry, A., & Boucaud, J. (2021) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Emerging applications of gene editing technologies for the development of climate-resilient crops
Chavhan, R. L., Jaybhaye, S. G., Hinge, V. R., Deshmukh, A. S., Shaikh, U. S., Jadhav, P. K., Kadam, U. S., & Hong, J. C. (2025) · Frontiers in Genome Editing · doi:10.3389/fgeed.2025.1524767 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Nicolás‐Espinosa, J., Yepes‐Molina, L., Martinez-Bernal, F., Miriam, F.-P., & Carvajal, M. (2023) · Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111923 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Physiological and Genetic Aspects of Resistance to Abiotic Stresses in Capsicum Species
Zhang, X., Ma, X., Wang, S., Liu, S., & Shi, S. (2024) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants13213013 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Salt stress affects the absorption, transport, and utilization of mineral ions in roots and the development of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and inhibits the photosynthetic process, seed germination, and seedling growth in plants [49].”
BackgroundAbiotic stress responses in crop plants: A multi-scale approach
Wu, Y., Liu, J., Lu, Z., Wu, H., Yiming, Z., Ahmad, I., & Guisheng, Z. (2024) · Journal of Integrative Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.jia.2024.09.003 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Beyond the lab: future-proofing agriculture for climate resilience and stress management
Pehlivan, N., Altaf, M. T., Emamverdian, A., & Ghorbani, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2025.1565850 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“For example, genome editing and engineering techniques have been used to develop several drought tolerant crops (Raza et al., 2024; Rai et al., 2023; Ahmad, 2023; Sathee et al., 2022; Joshi et al., 2020) by modifying plant tissue-speci fi c responses (Martignago et al., 2020).”
SlNAC12, a novel NAC-type transcription factor, confers salt stress tolerance in tomato
Chen, S., Zhang, W., Zhang, Q., Li, B., Zhang, M., Qin, J., Shi, W., & Jia, C. (2024) · Plant Cell Reports · doi:10.1007/s00299-024-03400-x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“It is estimated that salt stress affects approximately 20% of all agricultural lands and 33% of irrigated agricultural lands (Ahmad et al. 2023).”
Quan, R., Wang, J., Qin, H., Chen, L., Xiao, D., Zhao, Z., Zhang, Z., Zhu, X., Li, Z., & Huang, R. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2024.12.007 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“These QTLs/genes may be utilized to develop molecular markers to accelerate rice breeding for improved salt tolerance [73].”
Zahra, N., Kausar, A., Abdelghani, H. T. M., Singh, S., Deepti, Bachheti, A., Bachheti, R. K., & Husen, A. (2024) · South African Journal of Botany · doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2024.05.002 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Mahmoud, O. M., Hidri, R., Abdelly, C., & Debez, A. (2024) · Plant Stress · doi:10.1016/j.stress.2024.100383 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Oscipk9 interacts with ossos3 and affects salt-related transport to improve salt tolerance
Zhou, Z., Tang, W., Sun, Z., Li, J., Yang, B., Liu, Y., Wang, B., Xu, D., Yang, J., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants12213723 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Meanwhile, greater yields would be obtained in saline–alkali soils with the use of salt-tolerant genes [6].”
BackgroundDong, Z., Huang, J., Qi, T., Meng, A., Fu, Q., Fu, Y., & Xu, F. (2023) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants13010082 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“This induced water loss, triggering osmotic stress and physiological drought within the plant [1,26].”
BackgroundInfluentialImran, S., Sarker, P., Mahamud, M. A., Paul, N. C., Chakrobortty, J., Harine, I. J., Rahman, M. A., & Rahimi, M. (2024) · BMC Plant Biology · doi:10.1186/s12870-024-05625-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Plant height is directly dependent on salinity stress and inversely related [54–56].”
BackgroundGautam, A., Kumar, V., & Guleria, P. (2025) · Plant Nano Biology · doi:10.1016/j.plana.2025.100176 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Zhu, H., Liu, M., Xu, H., Feng, D., & Sun, X. (2024) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy14061190 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Akcay, U. C., Gencay, R., & Koc, F. Z. (2024) · Cogent Food & Agriculture · doi:10.1080/23311932.2024.2321308 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Salinity stress exerts further destructive effects by causing ion toxicity and nutritional imbalances (I. ahmad et al., 2023). the common denominators of drought and salinity stresses are osmotic and oxidative stress resulting from stomatal closure, decreased turgor and photo-synthesis efficiency,…”
Hydrogen peroxide and salt stress in radish: effects on growth, physiology, and root quality
Henschel, J. M., Dias, T. J., de Moura, V. S., Silva, A. M. O., Lopes, A. S., Gomes, D. D. S., Araújo, D. J., Silva, J. B. M., da Cruz, O. N., & Batista, D. S. (2024) · Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants · doi:10.1007/s12298-024-01476-z · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The nutritional effects occur when the excess of Na + and Cl − reduces the uptake of nutrients, such as K + , Ca 2+ , N, and P, due to competitive interactions with their transporters (Ahmad et al. 2023; Shen et al. 2023).”
Biochar derived from olive oil pomace mitigates salt stress on seedling growth of forage pea
Güllap, M. K., Karabacak, T., Severoğlu, S., Ayşe Nida, K. U. R. T., Ekinci, M., Turan, M., Aktaş, H., & Yıldırım, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1398846 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Elwan, S. E. M., Dahdouh, S., Abu-hashim, M., & Merwad, A.-R. M. A. (2024) · Journal of Plant Nutrition · doi:10.1080/01904167.2024.2415471 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Salt stress disrupts plant metabolism, reducing growth and yield by affecting meristematic activity and cell elongation (Ahmad et al. 2023).”
Effects of riboflavin application on rice growth under salinized soil conditions
Jiadkong, K., & Ueda, A. (2024) · Cereal Research Communications · doi:10.1007/s42976-024-00504-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Effective strategies to withstand salinity stress involve the selecting/breeding crop genotypes with better performance on salinized soil and managing the soil properties by adding optimal nutrients or agent that uplift the salinity stress tolerance in plant (Zhao et al. 2021; Ahmad et al. 2023).”
Thabet, S. G., Safhi, F. A., Börner, A., & Alqudah, A. M. (2024) · Plant Molecular Biology · doi:10.1007/s11103-024-01489-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Therefore, studying and mitigating the effects of salinity on barley is a multi-disciplinary challenge that involves integrating plant physiology, molecular biology, genetics, and agronomy (Ahmad et al. 2023).”
Almagro-Lopez, A., Nicolás‐Espinosa, J., Mulet, J. M., & Carvajal, M. (2025) · BMC Plant Biology · doi:10.1186/s12870-025-06723-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“However, the investigation regarding the salt stress resilience of different genotypes across the different developmental stages has been proven to be challenging [25, 27].”
Zhong, S., Hou, P., Zheng, C., Yang, X., Tao, Q., & Sun, J. (2025) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants14131954 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Soil salinity is a primary form of land degradation and a critical environmental bottle-neck restricting global agricultural productivity [1–3].”
Zafar, M. M., Ijaz, A., Anwar, Z., Iqbal, M. S., Zafar, S., Subhan, M., Seleiman, M. F., Alhammad, B. A., Aljabri, M., Qiao, F., et al. (2024) · Plant Production Science · doi:10.1080/1343943x.2024.2439874 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“To assess variations in response to salinity stress, researchers have utilized a range of morphological and physiological indicators (Ahmad et al., 2023; Zafar, Ijaz, et al., 2024).”
Liu, J., Tang, M., Lu, Y., Yan, H., Liu, Y., Cao, Y., Song, X., Liu, Q., & Ji, X. (2025) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy15051146 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Currently, more than 20% of the world’s agricultural land is affected by soil salinization, and this proportion is expected to rise in the future due to global climate change and groundwater irrigation [3–5].”
Sharavdorj, K., Byambadorj, S.-O., Jang, Y., Ahn, Y.-J., & Cho, J. (2024) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy14020287 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Endophytes-mediated mitigation of sodium stress in plants via ABA-independent signaling pathways
Ullah, A., Ullah, S., Arafat, Y., & Shao, H. (2025) · Plant Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110476 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Shi, M., Sun, M., Zhao, D., Li, S., Qi, W., Chen, S., Liu, J., & Ma, H. (2025) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy15092192 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wu, W., Ge, R., Wang, J., Wei, X., Zhao, Y., Pu, X., & Xu, C. (2025) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants14131978 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Soil salinization disrupts the granular structure of the soil, accelerates compaction, reduces the area of arable land, and adversely impacts crop growth, yield, and quality [10,11].”
Guo, P., Lin, J., Jia, B., Guo, W., & Li, F. Y. (2026) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-026-08296-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wu, H., Ahmad, I., Liu, J., Zhang, Q., Fei, H., Bu, W., Zhu, G., & Zhou, G. (2025) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants14050670 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Current studies on sorghum salt stress response focuses on tolerance levels, screening salt tolerance varieties, physiological and biochemical changes, hormones and nutrient regulations [9].”
Lu, X., Gillani, S. W., Meng, C., Li, Y., Wang, K., & Xu, Z. (2025) · Plant Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110839 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Salt Stress Re‐Routes Terpenoid and Flavonoid Metabolism in Peppermint ( Mentha × Piperita L.)
Caldo, F., Mannino, G., & Maffei, M. E. (2025) · Physiologia Plantarum · doi:10.1111/ppl.70694 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Salt stress disrupts critical plant functions, leading to reduced crop yield and quality, which has substantial economic consequences (Ahmad et al. 2023).”
Effects of Biochar Extract and Mineral Potassium Fulvic Acid on Salt Tolerance of Shanghai Bok Choy
Chai, H., Wu, W., Liu, Y., Wu, W. K., & Gao, P. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su162411298 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“High salt concentrations in irrigation water adversely affect Shanghai Bok Choy growth, manifesting as stunted plant height [14,15], leaf shrinkage [16,17], and reduced yield [18–20].”
Huang, J., Dong, Z., Meng, A., Qi, T., & Ge, C. (2023) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy14010044 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Younas, M. U., Qasim, M., Feng, Z., Zuo, S., Ahmad, I., Iqbal, R., Aghayeva, S., & Lackner, M. K. (2025) · Plant Stress · doi:10.1016/j.stress.2025.101059
RetractedSoil amendments mitigate the adverse impacts of salt stress on quinoa under greenhouse conditions
Bourhim, M. R., Hirich, A., Qaddoury, A., Farissi, M., & Ghoulam, C. (2025) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.70364
Textile Effluents in Cotton Irrigation: Phytotoxicity and Circular Economy Perspectives
Teixeira, L. M., Marinho, A. B., Quirino, A. G. C., Nóbrega, M. C. P., Henriques, M. E. M., & Rocha, E. M. R. (2026) · Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental · doi:10.24857/rgsa.v20n1-028
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Repercussions of Salinity on Field Crops and Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
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Liu, K., Wang, S., Zhang, H., Chen, B., Wang, B., Cheng, S., Tang, Q., & Wu, F. (2026) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2026.1848146
“A high-salinity environment can trigger multiple adverse effects, including osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and nutrient imbalance, thereby inhibiting crop root growth and photosynthetic metabolism, and ultimately causing a signi fi cant yield decline (Ahmad et al., 2023).”
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“73 The increase in proline concentration in plants cultivated under salinity may result from the decrease in proline oxidase activity, which breaks down proline to decrease its accumulation.”
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- Authors
- Ahmad, I., Zhu, G., Zhou, G., Younas, M. U., Suliman, M. S. E., Liu, J., Zhu, Y. M., & Salih, E. G. I.
- Affiliations
- Yangzhou University (CN)
- University of Khartoum (SD)
- Corresponding author
- Zhu, Guanglong
- Zhou, Guisheng
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Plant Science
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-07-18
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- 1215343-1215343
- ISSN
- 1664-462X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10393426
- OpenAlex
- W4384665810
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 110
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 4
- FWCI
- 1.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Plant Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Yangzhou University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Growth Enhancement Techniques
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant nutrient uptake and metabolism
- Keywords
- salt stress, salt tolerance, plant yield, plant hormones, nutrient uptake, ion homeostasis, SOS1, salt-tolerant varieties, plant growth regulators, potassium, membrane integrity
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