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Bifactor analysis and construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ) in non-clinical Spanish samples
Open accessAbstract
The objective of the present study was to examine the dimensionality, reliability, and construct validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in three Spanish samples using structural equation modeling (SEM). Pooling the FFMQ data from 3 Spanish samples (n = 1191), we estimated the fit of two competing models (correlated five-factor vs. bifactor) via confirmatory factor analysis. The factorial invariance of the best fitting model across meditative practice was also addressed. The pattern of relationships between the FFMQ latent dimensions and anxiety, depression, and distress was analyzed using SEM. FFMQ reliability was examined by computing the omega and omega hierarchical coefficients. The bifactor model, which accounted for the covariance among FFMQ items with regard to one general factor (mindfulness) and five orthogonal factors (observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judgment, and non-reactivity), fit the FFMQ structure better than the correlated five-factor model. The relationships between the latent variables and their manifest indicators were not invariant across the meditative experience. Observing items had significant loadings on the general mindfulness factor, but only in the meditator sub-sample. The SEM analysis revealed significant links between mindfulness and symptoms of depression and stress. When the general factor was partialled out, the acting with awareness facet did not show adequate reliability. The FFMQ shows a robust bifactor structure among Spanish individuals. Nevertheless, the Observing subscale does not seem to be adequate for assessing mindfulness in individuals without meditative experience.
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“The FFMQ has shown measurement non-invariance in the form of scalar non-invariance (different intercepts) between clinical and non-clinical samples [28] and metric non-invariance (different loadings) between meditators and non-meditators [29].”
In the citing paper
“For instance, it has been demonstrated that the FFMQ “acting with awareness” subscale did not show adequate reliability and that the “observing” subscale does not seem to be adequate for assessing mindfulness in individuals without meditative practice (Aguado et al., 2015).”
From Efficacy of 8- and 4-Session Mindfulness-Based Interventions in a Non-clinical Population: A Controlled Study (2017) · cites this paper as Aguado et al., 2015
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Metadata
- Authors
- Aguado, J., Luciano, J. V., Cebolla, A., Serrano-Blanco, A., Soler, J., & García-Campayo, J.
- Affiliations
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu (ES)
- Red de Investigación en Actividades Preventivas y Promoción de la Salud (ES)
- Hospital de Sant Pau (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Luciano, Juan V.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2015-04-09
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 404-404
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4390906
- OpenAlex
- W2070476597
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 17.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repositori UJI (Universitat Jaume I) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Repository of Digital Objects for Teaching Research and Culture (University of Valencia) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zaguan (University of Zaragoza Repository) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Generalitat Valenciana (Conselleria de Educación, 2013/003, 2013/003)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CP14/00087)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, bifactor model, construct validity, mindfulness, non-clinical population, meditative experience, measurement invariance, observation, acting with awareness, non-judgment, non-reactivity, description, depression, anxiety, stress, reliability statistics, omega hierarchical
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