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Emotion Regulation in Current and Remitted Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent, recurrent and potentially chronic disorder. Identifying risk factors and underlying mechanisms to inform preventive and therapeutic interventions is therefore imperative. Emotion regulation is a proposed factor in the development and maintenance of MDD. The aim of the present review was to summarize and synthesize research on self-reported emotion regulation strategy use and emotion regulation abilities in adults diagnosed with current and remitted MDD. Methods Seventy-two eligible studies were retrieved from databases through a systematic literature search. Group differences between individuals with current MDD, remitted MDD and healthy controls were calculated using meta-analytic procedures. Meta-regression analyses investigated potential moderator effects on emotion regulation difficulties. Results Results indicated that individuals with current MDD report higher maladaptive emotion regulation strategy use for avoidance (Hedges’ g = 1.3), rumination (g = 2.1) and suppression (g = 1.1) compared to healthy controls. Also, they reported lower adaptive emotion regulation strategy use for acceptance (g =-1.0), problem solving (g = -1.0) and reappraisal (g = -0.7). Individuals with current MDD reported limited general emotion regulation abilities, indicated by higher alexithymia (g =1.45), lower emotional awareness (g =-0.95), emotional clarity (g = -1.50) and emotional tolerance (g =-1.89). Similar results were found in individuals with remitted MDD for avoidance (g = 1.0), rumination (g = 1.1), suppression (g = 0.6) and general emotion regulation abilities. However, no difference was found between individuals with remitted MDD and healthy controls for adaptive emotion regulation strategies. Meta-regression analyses suggest that age of illness onset, comorbid anxiety and duration of remission influence emotion regulation. Conclusion The present review and meta-analysis indicates that individuals with current and remitted MDD have difficulties with emotion regulation compared to individuals who have never been depressed. Although depressive symptoms improve, emotion regulation difficulties may continue, and could be a contributing factor to relapse. Our findings inform future research on emotion regulation and psychotherapeutic interventions.
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“Difficulties in emotion regulation strategy use play a central role in the development, maintenance, and treatment of depression and anxiety disorders [27–29].”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
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“The first pathway to mitigating anxiety and depression symptoms involves reducing perseverative and avoidant emotion regulation strategies, such as rumination, avoidance, and suppression, which are known to maintain and exacerbate internalizing psychopathology [29, 58–62].”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
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“The first pathway to mitigating anxiety and depression symptoms involves reducing perseverative and avoidant emotion regulation strategies, such as rumination, avoidance, and suppression, which are known to maintain and exacerbate internalizing psychopathology [29, 58–62].”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
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Citations
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The role of emotion regulation in the characterization, development and treatment of psychopathology
Lincoln, T. M., Schulze, L., & Renneberg, B. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00040-4 · Cited by 234
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Training emotion regulation through real-time fMRI neurofeedback of amygdala activity
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Metadata
- Authors
- Visted, E., Vøllestad, J., Nielsen, M. B., & Schanche, E.
- Affiliations
- Haukeland University Hospital (NO)
- University of Bergen (NO)
- National Institute of Occupational Health (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Visted, Endre
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-05-18
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 756-756
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5968125
- OpenAlex
- W2800418807
- Cited by
- 337
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 3.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- L. Meltzers Høyskolefond (7183, 16545)
- Universitetet i Bergen
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, major depressive disorder, remitted depression, maladaptive emotion regulation, rumination, avoidance, emotional suppression, cognitive reappraisal, acceptance, alexithymia, emotional awareness, emotional clarity, emotional tolerance, relapse risk, anxiety comorbidity, remission duration
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