The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Measurement Invariance of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 Across Gender in a Sample of Chinese University Students
Open accessAbstract
The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) has three 7-item subscales (depression, anxiety, and stress). The current study aims assess the gender-based measurement invariance of the DASS-21 questionnaire in a Chinese university student sample from five different cities. The sample was composed of 13208 participants (62.3% female, mean age of 19.7 years, SD age = 1.8). Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis revealed full measurement invariance for the three subscales. The findings support the measurement invariance of DASS-21 scores across gender. Future research on the DASS should include additional validation across ethnicities, and testing of all versions of the scale.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We will use the depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21), a widely used measure of self-reported mental health symptoms [25].”
From Promoting the mental health of university students in China: Protocol for contextual assessment to inform intervention design and adaptation (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788
Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem0902_5 · Cited by 16,280
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u · Cited by 14,523
Sensitivity of Goodness of Fit Indexes to Lack of Measurement Invariance
Chen, F. F. (2007) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510701301834 · Cited by 12,217
A self-rating depression scale
ZUNG, W. W. K. (1965) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01720310065008 · Cited by 9,813
(1995) · Cited by 6,909
Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466505x29657 · Cited by 5,801
Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176 · Cited by 4,874
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,601
A Rating Instrument For Anxiety Disorders
Zung, W. W. K. (1971) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(71)71479-0 · Cited by 4,578
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Hirschfeld, 2014, Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis in R – a tutorial in measurement invariance with continuous and ordinal., Pract. Assess. Res. Eval., 19, 1
- Lovibond, 2015, DASS Translations.
- Muthén, 1998, Mplus User’s Guide
- Muthén, 2017, Mplus.
- 2010, SPSS for Windows (Version 19.0.0).
- Taouk, 2001, Psychometric Properties of a Chinese Version of the 21-Item Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS21).
- 2017, Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates.
- Zuo, 2008, A Chinese Translations of the DASS (Simplified Characters).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–102 of 102
Chen, X., Li, Y., Pramukti, I., Ahorsu, D. K., Kukreti, S., Chen, J.-K., Gan, W. Y., Ruckwongpatr, K., Gupta, R., Lin, C.-K., et al. (2026) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.21745
Liu, G., Jiang, K., Wang, J., Li, W., Ling, J., An, H., & Xiaoxiao, H. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16101948
Metadata
- Authors
- Lu, S., Hu, S., Guan, Y., Xiao, J., Cai, D., Gao, Z., Sang, Z., Wei, J., Zhang, X., & Margraf, J.
- Affiliations
- Capital Normal University (CN)
- Shanghai Normal University (CN)
- North China University of Science and Technology (CN)
- Nanjing University (CN)
- Guizhou University of Finance and Economics (CN)
- Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Lu, Shan
- Xiao, Jing
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-10-31
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 2064-2064
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6220040
- OpenAlex
- W2898877065
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 6.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (31771223)
- Ministry of Education, India
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- measurement invariance, gender differences, depression, anxiety, stress, Chinese university students, psychometric validation, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
