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Measurement Invariance of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 Across Gender in a Sample of Chinese University Students
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The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) has three 7-item subscales (depression, anxiety, and stress). The current study aims assess the gender-based measurement invariance of the DASS-21 questionnaire in a Chinese university student sample from five different cities. The sample was composed of 13208 participants (62.3% female, mean age of 19.7 years, SD age = 1.8). Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis revealed full measurement invariance for the three subscales. The findings support the measurement invariance of DASS-21 scores across gender. Future research on the DASS should include additional validation across ethnicities, and testing of all versions of the scale.
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“We will use the depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21), a widely used measure of self-reported mental health symptoms [25].”
From Promoting the mental health of university students in China: Protocol for contextual assessment to inform intervention design and adaptation (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lu, S., Hu, S., Guan, Y., Xiao, J., Cai, D., Gao, Z., Sang, Z., Wei, J., Zhang, X., & Margraf, J.
- Affiliations
- Capital Normal University (CN)
- Shanghai Normal University (CN)
- North China University of Science and Technology (CN)
- Nanjing University (CN)
- Guizhou University of Finance and Economics (CN)
- Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Lu, Shan
- Xiao, Jing
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-10-31
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 2064-2064
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6220040
- OpenAlex
- W2898877065
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 6.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (31771223)
- Ministry of Education, India
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- measurement invariance, gender differences, depression, anxiety, stress, Chinese university students, psychometric validation, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis
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