Performing Multilingual Analysis With Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count 2015 (LIWC2015). An Equivalence Study of Four Languages
Open accessAbstract
Today, there is a range of computer-aided techniques to convert text into data. However, they convey not only strengths but also vulnerabilities compared to traditional content analysis. One of the challenges that have gained increasing attention is performing automatic language analysis to make sound inferences in a multilingual assessment setting. The current study is the first to test the equivalence of multiple versions of one of the most appealing and widely used lexicon-based tools worldwide, Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count 2015 (LIWC2015). For this purpose, we employed supervised learning in a classification problem and computed Pearson's correlations and intraclass correlation coefficients on a large corpus of parallel texts in English, Dutch, Brazilian Portuguese, and Romanian. Our findings suggested that LIWC2015 is a valuable tool for multilingual analysis, but within-language standardization is needed when the aim is to analyze texts sourced from different languages.
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The Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) tool uses more than 100 psychological dimensions to analyze word use, reflecting distinct language variations among different groups in specific genres and languages.
“The Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) tool exemplifies how automated text analysis can use more than 100 psychological dimensions to analyze word use, reflecting distinct language variations among different groups in specific genres and languages [Goldstein-Stewart et al., 2009;Pennebaker et al., 2015;Dudău and Sava, 2021].”
From Authorship Attribution in the Era of LLMs: Problems, Methodologies, and Challenges (2025) · cites this paper as Dudău and Sava, 2021
The Introduction describes LIWC2015 as an automated word-counting tool with categories that include psychological constructs, and the Discussion reports differences among the languages studied. But the Introduction says it has approximately 90 categories in total—not more than 100 psychological dimensions—and the cited passages do not establish the claim about variations among groups in specific genres. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC)
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- Authors
- Dudău, D. P., & Sava, F. A.
- Affiliations
- West University of Timişoara (RO)
- Corresponding author
- Sava, Florin Alin
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-07-12
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 570568-570568
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8311520
- OpenAlex
- W3180941500
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 13.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministerul Educaței și Cercetării Științifice
- Topics
- Social Sciences › General Social Sciences › Computational and Text Analysis Methods
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health via Writing
- Keywords
- multilingual text analysis, parallel corpus, English language, Dutch language, Brazilian Portuguese, Romanian language, text classification, language standardization
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